184 Animal Intelligence 



No. 2 and No. 3 may best be enumerated in the form of a 

 table. (See Table 9 on page 187.) It will show briefly the 

 range of performances which the unaided efforts of the 

 animals can cope with. It will also give the order in which 

 each animal experienced them. F means that the animal 

 failed to succeed. The figures are minutes and seconds, 

 and represent the time taken in the first trial or the 

 total time taken without success where there is an F. In 

 cases where the animal failed in say 10 minutes, but in a 

 later trial succeeded, say in 2.40, the record will be 2.40 

 after 10 F. There are separate columns for all three ani- 

 mals, headed No. i, No. 2 and No. 3. Im. stands for a prac- 

 tically immediate success. 



The curves on pages 185 and 186 (Figs. 27 and 28) show the 

 progress of the formation of the associations in those cases 

 where the animal was given repeated trials, with, however, 

 nothing to guide him but his own unaided efforts. Each 

 millimeter on the abscissa represents one trial and each 

 millimeter on the ordinate represents 10 seconds, the ordi- 

 nates representing the time taken by the animal to open 

 the box. A break in the curve, or an absence of the curve 

 at the beginning of the base-line represents cases where the 

 animal failed in 10 minutes or took a very long time to get 

 out. 



In discussing these facts we may first of all clear our way 

 of one popular explanation, that this learning was due to 

 'reasoning.' If we use the word reasoning in its technical 

 psychological meaning as the function of reaching conclu- 

 sions by the perception of relations, comparison and infer- 

 ence, if we think of the mental content involved as feelings 

 of relation, perceptions of similarity, general and abstract 

 notions and judgments, we find no evidence of reasoning 



