io6 Animal Intelligence 



mine. Moreover, if any one should fancy that the animal 

 really profited by my instruction so as to learn what result 

 to attain, namely, the turning of a certain button, but 

 chose a way of his own to turn it, he would be deluding 

 himself. The time taken to learn the act with instruction 

 was no shorter than without. 



If, then, an animal happens to learn an act by being put 

 through it, it is just happening, nothing more. Of course, 

 you may direct the animal's efforts so that he will perform 

 the act himself the sooner. For instance, you may hold 

 him so that his accidental pawing will be sure to hit the vital 

 point of the contrivance. But the animal cannot form 

 an association leading to an act unless the particular im- 

 pulse to that act is present as an element of the association ; 

 he cannot supply it from a general stock. The groundwork 

 of animal associations is not the association of ideas, but 

 the association of idea or sense-impression with impulse. 



In the questionnaire mentioned elsewhere, some questions 

 were asked with a view to obtaining corroboration or refu- 

 tation of this theory that an impulse or innervation is a 

 necessary element in every association formed if that asso- 

 ciation leads to an act. The questions and answers were : - 



Question i: "If you wanted to teach a horse to tap 

 seven times with his hoof when you asked him, 'How many 

 days are there in a week ?,' would you teach him by taking 

 his leg and making him go through the motions ?' : 



A answered, "Yes ! at first." 



B answered, "No ! I would not." 



C answered, "At first, yes !' : 



D answered, "No !" 



Question 2: "Do you think you could teach him that way, 

 even if naturally you would take some other way?" 



A answered, "In time, yes !" 



