66 Animal Intelligence 



inquiries into the development of attention, activity, 

 memory, etc. 



So far as concerns dogs and cats, I should decide that 

 the former were more generally intelligent. The main 

 reason, however, why dogs seem to us so intelligent is not 

 a good reason for the belief. It is because, more than any 

 other domestic animal, they direct their attention to us, to 

 what we do, and so form associations connected with acts 

 of ours. 



Having finished our attempt to give a true description of 

 the facts of association, so far as observed from the outside, 

 we may now progress to discuss its inner nature. A little 

 preface about certain verbal usages is necessary before doing 

 so. Throughout I shall use the word 'animal' or ' animals/ 

 and the reader might fancy that I took it for granted that 

 the associative processes were the same in all animals as 

 in these cats and dogs of mine. Really, I claim for my 

 animal psychology only that it is the psychology of just 

 these particular animals. What this warrants about ani- 

 mals in general may be left largely to the discretion of 

 the reader. As I shall later say, it is probable that in re- 

 gard to imitation and the power of forming associations 

 from a lot of free ideas, the anthropoid primates are es- 

 sentially different from the cats and dogs. 



The reasons why I say 'animals' instead of 'dogs and 

 cats of certain ages ' are two. I do think that the probabil- 

 ity that the other mammals, barring the primates, offer no 

 objections to the theories here advanced about dogs and 

 cats is a very strong probability, strong enough to force 

 the burden of proof upon any one who should, for instance, 

 say that horse-goat psychology was not like cat-dog psy- 

 chology in these general matters. I should claim that, 

 till the contrary was shown in any case, my statements 



