14 Animal Intelligence 



but they become facts for science only after they have 

 emerged therefrom. A man's anxiety may be the anxiety 

 as directly felt by the man, or as thought of by him, or as 

 thought of by the general consensus of scientific observers. 

 But so also may be his body- temperature or weight or the 

 composition of the blood in his veins. There can be no 

 valid reason other than a pragmatic one for studying a 

 man's anxiety solely as felt by him while studying his body- 

 temperature as thought of by him and others. And the 

 practical reasons are all in favor of studying all facts as they 

 exist for any impartial observer. A man's mind as it is to 

 thinking men is all that thinking men can deal with and 

 all that they have any interest in dealing with. 



Finally, the subject-matter of psychology is not sharply 

 marked off from the subject-matter of physiology by being 

 absolutely non-spatial. On the contrary, the toothache, 

 anxiety and judgment are referred unequivocally, by every 

 sane man who thinks of them, to the space occupied by 

 the body of the individual in question. That is the surest 

 fact about them. It is true that we do not measure the 

 length, height, thickness and weight of an animal's pain 

 or anxiety, but neither do we those of his pulse, temper- 

 ature, health, digestion, metabolism, patellar reflex or 

 heliotropism. 



Two noteworthy advantages are secured by the study 

 of behavior. First, the evidence about intellect and 

 character offered by action and the influence of intellect 

 and character upon action are given due attention. Second, 

 the connections of conscious states are studied as well as 

 their composition. 



The mind or soul of the older psychology was the cause 

 not only of consciousness, but also of modifiability in 

 thought and action. It was the substance or force in man 



