2 Animal Intelligence 



ness. 'Imitation/ 'invention' and 'practice' almost 

 inevitably refer to behavior observed from the outside. 

 1 Perception,' ' attention,' ' memory,' ' abstraction,' 'rea- 

 soning' and 'will' are samples of the many terms which 

 illustrate both ways of studying human and animal 

 minds. That an animal perceives an object, say, the sun, 

 may mean either that his mental stream includes an aware- 

 ness of that object distinguished from the rest of the visual 

 field; or that he reacts to that object as a unit. 'Atten- 

 tion ' may mean a clearness, f ocalness, of the mental state ; 

 or an exclusiveness and devotion of the total behavior. It 

 may, that is, be illustrated by the sharpness of objects 

 illumined by a shaft of light, or by the behavior of a cat 

 toward the bird it stalks. 'Memory' may be conscious- 

 ness of certain objects, events or facts; or may be the per- 

 manence of certain tendencies in either thought or action. 

 'To recognize' may be to feel a certain familiarity and 

 surety of being able to progress to certain judgments about 

 the thing recognized ; or may be to respond to it in cer- 

 tain accustomed and appropriate ways. 'Abstraction ' may 

 refer to ideas of qualities apart from any consciousness of 

 their concrete accompaniments, and to the power of having 

 such ideas ; or to responses to qualities irrespective of their 

 concrete accompaniments, and to the power of making such 

 responses. 'Reasoning' may be said to be present when 

 certain sorts of consciousness, or when certain sorts of 

 behavior, are present. An account of 'the will' is an 

 account of consciousness as related to action or an account 

 of the actions themselves. 



i 



Not only in psychological judgments and psychological 

 terms, but also in the work of individual psychologists, 

 this twofold content is seen. Amongst writers in this 

 country, for example, Titchener has busied himself almost 



