222 Animal Intelligence 



each other, jumping, chattering, scowling, etc. No. 2 

 never did anything of the sort. Again, seeing No. 3 eat 

 meat did not lead No. i to take it ; nor did seeing No. i 

 retreat in fright from a bit of absorbent cotton lead No. 3 

 to avoid it. 



Nothing in my experience with these animals, then, favors 

 the hypothesis that they have any general ability to learn to 

 do things from seeing others do them. The question is still 

 an open one, however, and a much more extensive study of it 

 should be made, especially of the possible influence of imita- 

 tion in the case of acts already familiar either as wholes or 

 in their elements. 



LEARNING APART FROM MOTOR IMPULSES 



The reader of my monograph, ' Animal Intelligence/ will 

 recall that the experiments there reported seemed to show 

 that the chicks, cats and dogs had only slight and sporadic, 

 if any, ability to form associations except such as contained 

 some actual motor impulse. They failed to form such asso- 

 ciations between the sense-impressions and ideas of move- 

 ments as would lead them to make the movements with- 

 out having themselves previously in those situations given 

 the motor impulses to the movements. They could not, 

 for instance, learn to do a thing from having been put 

 through it by me. 



The monkeys Nos. i and 3 were tested in a similar way 

 with a number of different acts. The general conclusion 

 from the experiments, the details of which will be given 

 presently, is that the monkeys are not proved to have the 

 power of forming associations of ideas to any greater extent 

 than the other mammals, that they do not demonstrably 

 learn to do things from seeing or feeling themselves make 



