Laws and Hypotheses for Behavior 265 



standing how each element of a situation comes to befell 

 whereas before only the gross total was felt. The change in 

 consciousness from the 'big, blooming, buzzing confusion* 

 to an aggregate of well-defined percepts and images, which 

 accompanies the change in behavior from response to totals 

 to response to parts or elements, may be mysterious. With 

 the change in consciousness, however, we are not now con- 

 cerned. The behavior of man and other animals toward the 

 abstract elements of color, size, number, form, time or value 

 is explained by the laws of instinct, exercise and effect. 



When the perception or thought of a fact arouses the 

 thought of some other fact identical in part with the for- 

 mer fact, we have so-called association by similarity. An 

 element of the neurone-action is prepotent in determining 

 the succeeding neurone-action. The particular way in 

 which it determines it is by itself continuing and making 

 connection with other associates. These it possesses by 

 virtue of the law of exercise and effect. 



The changes in behavior classified under intellect and 

 morality seem then to be all explainable by the two laws 

 of exercise and effect. The facts of imitation really refer 

 to certain specific original connections or to the efficiency 

 of a model in determining what shall satisfy or to the pro- 

 vision of certain instructive situations in the form of the 

 behavior of other animals. The facts variously referred to 

 as suggestion, ideo-motor action or the motor power of ideas, 

 really refer to the fact, common in the human animal only, 

 that to those ideas that represent acts in thought the acts 

 are often bound as responses. The bonds are due to the 

 primary laws of effect and exercise. The facts of reason- 

 ing really refer to the fact of prepotency of one or another 

 element in a situation in determining the response. 



