1 6 Animal Intelligence 



imaginary consciousnesses to describe and analyze. The 

 lovers of consciousness for its own sake often do this un- 

 wittingly, but would scarcely take pride therein! 



The truth of the matter is, of course, that an animal's 

 mind is, by any definition, something intimately associated 

 with his connection-system or means of binding various 

 physical activities to various physical impressions. The 

 whole series - - external situations and motor responses as 

 well as their bonds - - must be studied to some extent in 

 order to understand whatever we define as mind. The 

 student of behavior, by frankly accepting the task of supply- 

 ing any needed information not furnished by physiology, 

 and of studying the animal in action as well as in thought, 

 is surer of getting an adequate knowledge of whatever 

 features of an animal's life may be finally awarded the title 

 of mind. 



The second advantage in studying total behavior rather 

 than consciousness as such is that thereby the connections 

 of mental facts one with another and with non-mental facts 

 receive due attention. 



The original tendencies to connect certain thoughts, 

 feelings and acts with certain situations tendencies 

 which we call reflexes, instincts and capacities are not 

 themselves states of consciousness; nor are the acquired 

 connections which we call habits, associations of ideas, 

 tendencies to attend, select and the like. No state of 

 consciousness bears within itself an account of when and 

 how it will appear, or of what bodily act will be its sequel. 

 What any given person will think in any given situation is 

 unpredictable by mere descriptions and analyses of his 

 previous thoughts each by itself. To understand the when, 

 how and why of states of consciousness one must study 

 other facts than states of consciousness. These non- 



