J22 STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF BIRDS 



each side is double in RaUus and Ocydrowws, single in 

 Fulica. 



The following are the intestinal measurements of a series 

 of species : 



Small Int. 



Large Int. 



Rallus aquaticus 

 Ocydromus sylvestris 

 O. lefresnayanus 



0. Earlei . 

 Aramides cayennmsis 

 Porzana Carolina 

 Crex pratcnsis , 

 Porphyrio madagascariensis 

 fiaUinula chloropns . 

 Fulica atra 

 F. ardesiaca 

 Tribonyx Morticri 



The folds of the intestine (fig. 159) are remarkably like 

 those of the cranes (fig. 158), so much so that on intestinal 

 characters only the two groups could not be separated. 



There is no crop ; the proventriculus is zonary ; the 

 stomach a ' gizzard.' The right lobe of the liver is larger 

 than the left, and the gall bladder is always present. 



The atlas is notched for the odontoid process ; it has no 

 lateral canals. The number of cervical vertebrae is 15 in 

 Fulica ardesiaca, in which there are 7 complete ribs (6 in 

 Ocydromus}. On the eleventh cervical (of Fulica ardesiaca) 

 the catapophyses nearly unite ; the hsemapophyses, up which 

 the catapophyses do not climb, extend as far as the second 

 dorsal. The sternum has very long lateral processes, with a 

 larger or smaller spina externa. The clavicle comes into 

 near relations with both procoracoid and scapula. In the 

 skull 2 there are no basipterygoid processes, and the lacry- 

 mals (in Fulica, Ocydromus, and Aramides) do not join the 



1 In Porzana notata the caca are minute -8 inch in length. Cf. Pamelas 

 among Limicolse. 



- C. G. GIEBEL, ' Osteologie der gemeinen Ealle,' &c., Zcitschr. gcs. Naturw. 

 v. (1855), p. 185. SHUFELDT, ' Osteology of certain Cranes, Rails, and their 

 Allies,' J. Anat. Phys. 1895, p. 2; and 'Osteology of Porxana Carolina,' 

 Journ. Comp. Med. Surg. 1888. 



