498 STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF BIRDS 



Strnthio has been found fossil in the Siwalik Hills, in South 

 Eussia and Samos. Rlica is found fossil in America (South). 

 LYDEKKER considers Hypselornis sivalensis, whose place of inter- 

 ment is indicated by the name, to be an emu. It is only known 

 from the second phalanx of the third digit of the pes. 



( it'// i/i'>niis Newtoni, from Australia, 1 with a skull a foot long, 

 seems to have been a gigantic emu. But it has not as yet been 

 fully described. 



Dasornis londincnsis (from the Eocene clay of Sheppey) is 

 placed by FURBRINGER among the Ratites, rather in deference to 

 the opinion of Sir R. OWEN - than from conviction. GADOW, on 

 the other hand, places it among Stereornithes. It is only known 

 by a water-worn skull fragment, indicating a skull as large as that 

 of the Dinornithidse. It seems useless to speculate upon the 

 affinities of this fragment. 



Macrornis of SEELEY must remain for the present a name. 



In surveying the muscular system of the Struthiones 3 it is 

 clear that, so far as concerns the muscles of the manus, 

 Apteryx is, in accordance with other reductions in the bones 

 of that limb, the most degenerate type. On the other hand 

 (assuming, of course, the derivation of the Struthiones from 

 some carinate form) the shoulder girdle of Apteryx has 

 retained more of the primitive musculature than the other 

 genera. 



In all the genera the following muscles have disappeared : 

 the pectoral-is propatagialis, biceps propatagiaMs, deltoid cs 

 'propatagialis,* deltoides minor, scapulo-Jiumerdlis anterior, 

 expansor secundariorum. 5 



The pectoral-is major is in all very reduced. 



All the struthious birds except Apteryx have also lost the 



VAN BEMMELEX, ' Onderzoek van een Rhca-'Emloijo,' Tijd. Ned. Dierk. Ver. 

 1888, p. ccv. 



1 STIRLING and ZIF.TZ, ' Preliminary Notes on Geni/oriiis.' Ac.. Tr. Roy. Soc. 

 S. Australia, xx. 



- On Diiiurnis (part xiv.), Tr. Zool. Soc. vii. p. 145, pi. xvi. 



3 GADOW, Zur vergleichenden Anatomic tier Musk/ilatur dcs Beckcns mid 

 der liinteren Gliedmcisse der Eatiten. Jena, 1880. 



4 In Apteryx some elastic tissue in the patagium possibly represents this. 



s Traces have been asserted to exist in Aptcnj.r and Dromceus, but require 

 confirmation. 



