ALIMENTARY CANAL 



The gall bladder is an organ which is not invariably 

 present in birds. It is even sometimes present and some- 

 times absent in the same family (e.g. parrots). As a rule 

 this vessel is of a rounded or oval contour and is embedded 

 on the surface of the right lobe of the liver. The Picidse, 

 Capitonidse, and Khamphastidae are remarkable for the 

 extraordinarily elongated gall bladder, which reaches a long 

 way down the abdominal cavity ; this is described more 

 fully below. The penguin has an almost equally elongated 



d.pz 



FIG. 17. DUODENUM OF Syn-liaptes. 



v.f, gall bladder ; d.c, cystic duct ; dJi, 

 hepatic duct ; tl.pl, d. pi, pancreatic 

 ducts. (After BUAXDT.) 



FIG. 18. DUODENUM, BILE DUCTS, AND- 

 PANCREATIC DUCTS OF ANOTHER Syr- 

 rhaptes (AFTER BRANDT). 



gall bladder. The position of the apertures of the cystic 

 and hepatic ducts upon the small intestine varies. The 

 ostrich is remarkable for the fact that the single duct opens 

 practically into the stomach. 



The pancreas lies in the fold of mesentery that unites 

 the two arms of the duodenal loop. It is commonly more or 

 less distinctly composed of two parts, and in relation to this 

 there are two pancreatic ducts which pour its contents into 

 the duodenum. Apparently, however, no value can be 



D 



