4 io THE PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION 



more general relationships to Carnivores and Ungulates. But at 

 1'ivscnt these relationships are not understood. It seems impossible 

 to trace any connection between the placenta of the sheep, in which 

 there is no circulation of maternal blood in the foetal parts of the 

 placenta but the fu'tus is nourished by uteri m- milk, and that of the 

 hriloehog, in which maternal blood circulates in the trophoblastic 

 lacuna- and forms the main source of nutriment. 



Hubrecht 1 has contributed an important memoir setting out in 

 some detail his views on the phylogeny of the placenta and its 

 classiticatory value, and Assheton 2 has expressed himself as in 

 agreement with the general trend of Hubrecht's ideas. According 

 to these authorities we have on the one hand in the Ungulata, 

 Sirenia, Cetacea, and some Edentata a great lateral expansion of 

 the trophoblast, leading to the " plicate " type of placenta, and on 

 the other hand in Insectivora, Cheiroptera, and Primates cell 

 proliferation of the trophoblast producing thickenings thereof and 

 leading to the "cumulate" type of placenta. The differences between 

 the two types are summarised by Assheton as follows : 



CUMULATE PLACENTA. PLICATE PLACENTA. 



Great radial proliferation of tropho- Great tangential proliferation of 



blast, leading to thickening of the trophoblast, leading to folding of 



membrane. the membrane. 



Greater destruction of maternal tissue. Lesser destruction of maternal tissue. 



Much bleeding of mother. Little bleeding of mother. 



Lacunisation of trophoblast. No lacunisation of trophoblast. 



Secretion of uterine glands of less use, Secretion of uterine glands of prime 



or in some cases of no use, to the importance. 



foetus. 



Degeneration of uterine epithelium Little or no degeneration of uterine 



and glands severe. epithelium and glands. 



Embryo or embryos seldom fill the Embryo or embryos usually fill the 



whole cavity of the uterus. whole cavity of the uterus. 



According to Assheton the reason for the causation of the latter 

 character is that " fixation is brought about or other intimate 

 connection in the cumulate type, while fixation in the plicate type 

 depends more upon the internal hydrostatic pressure of the blastocyst 

 upagainst the uterus much as a pneumatic tyre retains its position 

 in the iron rim of a bicycle wheel." 



The Carnivora are regarded as a central group with respect to 

 placentation from which either cumulate or plicate type could be 

 evolved. In this connection it may be recalled that in the <estrous 

 cycle of the dog there is a normal pseudo-pregnant period in the 

 absence of gestation, and that this is to be regarded as a primitive 

 characteristic. 



1 Hubrecht, "Early Ontogenetic Phenomena in Mammals," O"/-. ./<>,: M'-r. 

 /<. vol. liii., 1908. 



2 Assheton, "Professor Hubrecht's Paper, etc.," (j,,,: ./<,,-. Mi,;-. &-iei-e, 

 vol. liv., 1909. 



