66 



HISTOLOGY. 



are said to have lobed nuclei. The flat cells are succeeded by groups 

 of rounded ones which are described as having protoplasmic processes. 

 In the deepest layers the cells tend to be in rows perpendicular to the joint 

 surface and the matrix is calcined. In Fig. 72 a line is seen separating 

 the calcined from the uncalcified part. 



Hyaline 

 cartilage. 



72. VERTICAL SECTION THROUGH THE HEAD OF A META- FIG. 73. SYNOVIAL VILLI WITH 



CARPAL OF AN ADULT MAN. X SO. BLOOD VESSELS FROM A 



HUMAN KNEE JOINT. X 50. 

 The epithelium has fallen from the 

 apex of the left villus, expos- 

 ing the connective tissue. 



The joint capsule consists of an outer layer of dense connective tissue, 

 the stratum fibrosum; and an inner loose layer of which the mesenchymal 

 epithelium is a part, the stratum synoviale (Fig. 70). The fibrous layer 

 is specially thickened in various places to form the ligaments of the joint. 

 It may cover the end of the bone, coming between it and the joint cavity; 

 thus the distal articular surface of the radius is covered with dense fibrous 

 tissue. In other joints, as in the shoulder and hip, such tissue forms a rim, 

 deepening the socket of the joint. These rims are called labra glenoidalia. 

 The synovial layer consists of loose tissue, generally with abundant elastic 

 elements, and in places containing fat cells. It has nerves which may 

 terminate in lamellar corpuscles, numerous blood vessels, and lymphatic 

 vessels which extend close to the epithelium. The epithelium is a smooth 

 glossy layer of connective tissue with parallel fibers and small round or 



