186 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION 



Rollinat, 1 in snakes belonging to the species Tropidonotus 

 viperinus the females are usually inseminated in the autumn, 

 whereas the eggs are not laid until the beginning of the following 

 summer. Also in the case of the spotted viviparous salamander 

 (Salamander maculesa), after the birth of the young, which occurs 

 about the month of May, a new batch of ova pass into the 

 oviducts and are fertilised (prior to the commencement of the 

 sexual season) by spermatozoa which were introduced in the 

 July of the previous year, and thereafter stored in the uterus. 2 

 It is obvious that in both these cases the spermatozoa retain 

 their vitality in the female for periods of many months. 



In animals like the earthworm, in which the spermatozoa 

 are stored in special reservoirs known as spermathecse, it is 

 probable that they retain their vitality for long periods. Lang 3 

 has shown that the sperms may live for three years in the 

 vesiculse seminales of snails. 



The extreme longevity possessed by the male cells of some 

 insects is still more remarkable. Von Siebold 4 states that 

 the spermatozoa of bees may survive for four or five years. 

 Moreover, queen ants have been known to lay fertile ova 

 thirteen years after the last intercourse with a male. 



1 Rollinat, " Sur 1'Accouplement des Ophidiens a la Fin dc 1'Ete et au 

 Commencement de 1'Automne," Bull. ZooL Soc. France, vol. xxiii.. 1898. 



2 Sedgwick, Student's Text-Book of Zoology, vol. ii., London, 1905. 



3 Lang, " tiber Vorversuche zu Untersuchungen iiber die Varietaten- 

 bildungen von Helix hortensis Miiller and Helix nemoralis L.," Festschr. zum 

 siebz 'gaten Oeburtatage von Ernst Haeckel, Jena, 1904. 



4 Von Siebold, " Fernere Beobachtungen iiber die Spermatozoon Wirbel- 

 loser Tiere," Mailer's Archiv, 1837. 



