BLADDER 



325 



fundus, which is the dorsally bulging lowest part of the bladder, and to 

 the neighborhood of the urethral outlet. In the latter position they have 

 been regarded as rudimentary prostatic glands. 



The tunica propria sometimes contains solitary nodules. It blends 

 with the submucosa, as in the ureter, and contains lymphatic and blood 

 vessels, the latter extending very close to the epithelium. 



The muscularis consists of smooth muscle fibers arranged in three 

 interwoven layers, which are seldom separable in sections. They are an 

 inner longitudinal, middle circular and outer longitudinal layer. The 



Tangential sections of pits. 



Gland. 



mag. 



Tunica propria. Smooth muscles. 



FIG. 324- SECTION THROUGH THE FUNDUS OF THE URINARY BLADDER OF AN ADULT MAN. X 48. 



circular fibers are strengthened at the beginning of the urethra to form 

 the "internal sphincter" of the bladder, a muscle not always distinct. 



The serosa is a connective tissue layer covered with mesothelium. 

 In the non-peritoneal part of the bladder it is replaced by an adventitia 

 or fibrous layer. 



Non-medullated nerves, with scattered groups of ganglion cells, are 

 found outside the muscles and also among them. Medullated fibers 

 terminate around the ganglion cells; others pass through the ganglia to 

 intra-epithelial sensory endings. 



URETHRA (IN THE FEMALE). 



The male urethra will be described with the genital organs; only its 

 upper portion is homologous with the urethra of the female. The latter 



