THE AUDITORY APPARATUS 203 



sociation in the human ear of organs of so diverse functions as the 

 semicircular canals and the cochlea. 



The central connections of the vestibular and cochlear nerves 

 are very different, the former effecting chiefly reflex connections 

 for equilibration in the medulla oblongata and cerebellum, and 

 the latter both reflex connections in the brain stem and cortical 

 connections through the lateral lemniscus, medial geniculate 

 body of the thalamus and auditory radiations, for conscious 

 sensations of hearing. 



LITERATURE 



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HARDESTY, I. 1908. On the Nature of the Tectorial Membrane and Its 

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. 1915. On the Proportions, Development, and Attachment of the 

 Tectorial Membrane, Amer. Jour. Anat., vol. xviii. 



VON HELMHOLTZ, H. L. T. 1896. Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen, 

 Ausgabe 5, Braunschweig. 



HOFER, B. 1908. Studien iiber die Hautsinnesorgane der Fische, 

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KAPPERS, C. U. ARIENS. Kurze Skizze der Phylogenetischen Entwick- 

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PARKER, G. H. 1903. Hearing and Allied Senses in Fishes, U. S. Fish 

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. 1903. The Sense of Hearing in Fishes, Amer. Naturalist, vol. xxxvii. 



. 1905. The Function of the Lateral Line Organs in Fishes, Bui. of the 

 Bureau of Fisheries for 1904, Washington. 



PRENTISS, C. W. 1913. On the Development of the Membrana Tectoria 

 with Reference to Its Structure and Attachments, Amer. Jour. Anat., vol. 

 xiv, No. 4. 



RETZIUS, G. 1884. Das Gehororgan der Wirbeltiere, Stockholm. 



ScHdNEMANN, A. 1904. Die Topographic des menschlichen Gehoror- 

 ganes, Wiesbaden. 



SHAMBAUGH, G. E. 1907. A Restudy of the Minute Anatomy of Struc- 

 tures in the Cochlea with Conclusions Bearing on the Solution of the 

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. 1908. The Membrana Tectoria and the Theory of Tone Perception, 

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. 1910. Das Verhiiltnis /wischen der Membrana Tectoria und dem 

 Cortischen Organ, Zeits. f. Ohrcnheilk., Bd. 62. 



. 1912. Ueber den Bau und die Funktion der Crista Ampullaris, Ibid., 

 Bd. 65. 



STREETER, G. L. 1907. On the Development of the Membranous Laby- 

 rinth and the Acoustic and Facial Nerves in the Human Embryo, Amer. 

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WATSON, J. B. 1914. Behavior, An Introduction to Comparative Psy- 

 chology, New York, Chapter XII. 



