124 INTRODUCTION TO NEUROLOGY 



first the brain stem, or primary segmental apparatus; and second 

 the cerebellum and cerebral cortex, or suprasegmental apparatus. 

 The brain stem and cerebellum are devoted chiefly to reflex and 

 instinctive activities and constitute the "old brain" of Edinger. 

 The cerebral cortex is devoted to the higher associations and 

 individually acquired activities and is called the "new brain" 

 by Edinger. No nervous impulses can enter the cortex without 

 first passing through the reflex centers of the brain stem. 



In fishes the form of the brain is shaped almost wholly by the 

 development of the reflex centers, and here these mechanisms 

 can best be studied, each of the more obvious parts of the brain 

 being dominated by a single system of sensori-motor reflex cir- 

 cuits. The same pattern is preserved in the human brain, but 

 much distorted by the addition of the centers of higher correla- 

 tion. 



The terminology of the brain now in most common use is 

 based on its embryological development, which is briefly re- 

 viewed. 



LITERATURE 



BARKER, L. F. 1907. Anatomical Terminology, Philadelphia. 



DONALDSON, H. H. 1899. The Growth of the Brain, a Study of the Ner- 

 vous System in Relation to Education, New York. 



EDINGER, L. 1908. The Relations of Comparative Anatomy to Com- 

 parative Psychology, Jour. Comp. Neur., vol. xviii, pp. 437-457. 



HERRICK, C. JUDSON. 1910. The Morphology of the Forebrain in 

 Amphibia and Reptilia, Jour. Comp. Neur., vol. xx, pp. 413-547. 



His, W. 1895. Die anatomische Nomenclatur: Nomina Anatomica, 

 Archiv f. Anat. und Physiol., Anat. Abt., Supplement-Band. 



JOHNSTON, J. B. 1906. The Nervous System of Vertebrates, Philadel- 

 phia. 



. 1909. The Central Nervous System of Vertebrates, Ergebnisse und 

 Fortschritte der Zoologie, Bd. 2 Heft 2, pp. 1-170. 



. 1909. The Morphology of the Forebrain Vesicle in Vertebrates, Jour. 

 Comp. Neur., vol. xix, pp. 457-539; also important papers on the same sub- 

 ject in later volumes of The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 



KEIBEL, F., and MALL, F. P. 1912. Manual of Human Embryology, 

 Philadelphia, vol. ii, pp. 1-156. 



KRAUSE, W. 1905. Handbuch der Anatomie des Menschen, mit einem 

 Synonymenregister, auf Grundlage der neuen Baseler anatomischen Nomen- 

 clatur, Leipzig. 



RETZIUS, G. 1896. Das Menschenhirn, 2 vols., Stockholm. 



SHERRINGTON, C. S. 1906. The Integrative Action of the Nervous Sys- 

 tem, New York. 



