CIVILIZATION AND THE RACE. 69 



trades, and a skillful one too. Instead of being gregarious 

 he was probably a free lance like an amoeba, possibly liv- 

 ing in pairs either temporarily like the birds or a more or 

 less permanent union. After a long time those who were 

 grouped into communities survived because they could 

 live better than in independence. By union a community 

 was better fitted for existence just as the protozoon colo- 

 nies. A long time after living in a clan, man was almost 

 as independent as when he was a free lance. He prac- 

 ticed all his functions just as before and the colony was 

 nothing more than a group of individuals living indepen- 

 dently but near together. It was precisely like the first 

 multicellular organisms which were composed of identical 

 cells each of which did exactly like all its neighbors. There 

 was no division of labor. 



1 ' This was probably the period of man's greatest aver- 

 age brain development. Long after his organization into 

 tribes and even nations, at or even after the dawn of civi- 

 lization, each man could do every thing well. He could 

 hunt, fish, build houses, make arms, chip flints, be a sol- 

 dier and fight, protect his home, tan hides, make clothes 

 of skins and sandals of leather, look after a wife or so, and 

 he knew much about the weather, woodcraft, zoology and 

 botany too. Indeed he could do all these things before 

 he had learned to talk except by a few cries and grunts. 

 Dr. G. A. Reed (Present Evolution of Man) says he has 

 seen Maoris of New Zealand equal in power of mind to 

 average Europeans. 



' We should think for a moment what a large amount 

 of brain it requires to do all this successfully. The skill 

 and intelligence needed in woodcraft alone would tax the 

 mental powers of the average modern man. Then we 

 must think of the result of not having enough intelligence 

 to do all this, inevitable death for in those conditions 

 men were too busy keeping themselves alive to have any 

 spare time to preserve the weaklings. 



