LEPIDOPTERA 



CHAP. 



commence by remarking that no system satisfactory from a 

 practical as well as from a theoretical point of view has yet been 

 devised. The diagrams given in figure 161 will enable us to 

 explain the methods actually in vogue ; I. representing the system, 

 dating from the time of Herrich - Schaeffer, chiefly used by 

 British naturalists, and II. that adopted by Staudinger and 

 Schatz in their recent great work on the Butterflies of the world. 

 The three anterior nervures in both front and hind wings 

 correspond fairly well, and are called, looking at them where 

 they commence at the base of the wing, " costal," " subcostal," and 



SC3 



FIG. 161. Wing-nervuratiou of Lepidoptera. I, Diagram of moths' wings (after Hamp- 

 son) ; If, of a butterfly's wings (Morpho menelaus 3, after Staudinger and Schatz). 

 A, front, B, hind wing. I. c, costal ; sc, subcostal ; m, median ; la, 1 b, Ic, in- 

 ternal nervures ; /, frenulum ; 2, 3, 4, branches of median nervure ; 5, lower 

 radial; 6, upper radial; 7-11, divisions of the subcostal; 12, termination of 

 costal ; c, cell ; d, discocellular nervure. II. C, costal ; SC, subcostal ; M, median ; 

 SM and SN, submedian nervures ; 1A, inner-margin nervure ; UR, lower radial ; 

 OR, upper radial ; SC 1 to SC 5 , divisions of subcostal ; M 1 to M 3 , divisions of median 

 nervure ; C, cell ; DC, discocellulars. 



" median " nervures. The nervures near the inner margin of the 

 wing (that is the lower part in our figures) differ much in the front 

 and hind wings, consisting either of two or of three separate 

 portions not joined even at the base. British entomologists call 

 these "branches or divisions of the internal nervure " : the 

 Germans call the more anterior of them the " submedian," and the 

 more internal the "inner-margin nervure"; they are also frequently 

 called anal nervures. The cross-nervure that closes the cell is 

 called discocellular ; when apparently composed of two or three 



