vi RHOPALOCERA ITHOMIIDES SATYRIDES 347 



they are very wary when the wasp is near, and rise off then- 

 perches into the air, as if aware that the wasp will not then 

 endeavour to seize them. " Much information is given about 

 the habits by Bates in the paper in which he first propounded 

 the " theory of mimicry." ' The larvae are said to live on 

 Solanaceae. 



The genus Hamadryas is placed by some writers in Danaides, 

 by others in Ithomiides ; and Haase has proposed to make it the 

 group " Palaeotropinae." The species are small, black and white 

 Insects, somewhat like Pierids. They are apparently hardy 

 Insects, and are abundant in certain parts of the Austro-Malay 

 region. 



Sub-Fam. 3. Satyrides. Palpi strongly 2?)'essed together, set 

 in front with long, stiff hairs. Front wings frequently with one 

 or more of the nervures swollen or bladder-like at the base of the 

 wing. Cells of both wings closed. Caterpillar thickest at the 

 middle, the hind end of the body bifid. Pupa generally suspended 

 by the cremastcr, without girth : but sometimes terrestrial. This 

 is a very extensive group, consisting of upwards of 1000 species. 

 The Insects are usually of small size, of various shades of brown 

 or greyish colours, with circular or ringed marks on the under 

 sides of the wings. It is found all over the world, and is well 

 represented in Europe ; our Meadow-browns, Heaths, and Marbled- 

 whites, as well as the great genus Erebia of the highlands and 

 mountains belonging to it. Most of these Insects have but 

 feeble powers of night, and rise but little from the surface of the 

 ground. The caterpillars live on various grasses. They are 

 usually green or brown, destitute of armature, and a good deal 

 like the caterpillars of Noctuid moths, but the hind end of the 

 body is thinner and divided to form two corners, while the head 

 is more or less free, or outstanding. The pupae are of great 

 interest, inasmuch as in a few cases they do not suspend them- 

 selves in any way, but lie on the ground ; sometimes in a very 

 feeble cocoon or cell. There are no cremasteral hooks. The 

 pupae of the Grayling butterfly, Jfipparchia semele, has been 

 found in loose soil a quarter of an inch below the surface. The 

 chrysalis of the Scotch Argus, Erebia aethiops, was found by 

 Mr. Buckler to be neither suspended nor attached, but placed 

 in ;i perpendicular position, head upwards, amongst the grass. 

 1 Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii, 1862, p. 495. 



