COCCIDAE SCALE-INSECTS 



595 



the young Coccids are all similar, male and female being indistin- 

 guishable. A difference 

 soon appears, with the 

 result that the male, after 

 passing through more 

 than one pupal condi- 

 tion, appears as a winged 

 Insect. The female never 

 becomes winged, but, if 

 we may judge from the 

 incomplete accounts we at 

 present possess, her de- 

 velopment varies much 

 according to species. In 

 some she retains the legs, 

 antennae, and mouth- 

 organs ; in others she 

 loses these parts, though 

 retaining the original 

 form in a general manner ; 



while in a third (Mar- F IG> 290. Instars of^octytopiwsato'. (After Ber- 



(/arodes) she becomes en- lese.) A, Egg ; B, young larva ; C, first male 



j ,1 nymph ; D, second male nymph ; E, adult male ; 



cysted, and apparently F> adult female . A11 equally m;i g u i fie a. x 20. 

 suffers an almost com- 

 plete histolysis, reappearing after a very long period (it is said 

 it may be as much as seven years) in a considerably altered form. 

 The post-embryonic development of Aspidiotus nerii has been 

 studied by Schmidt 1 and Witlaczil, 2 whose accounts agree except 

 as to some points, such as the number of ecdyses. The young, or 

 larva, is hatched with fairly well-developed legs, antennae, and 

 rostrum; there is no external difference between the sexes. The 

 larva selects some spot on the plant and drives its rostrum therein, 

 thus becoming fixed ; moults occur, and the body excretes waxy 

 matter from its sides in processes that fell together and form the 

 shield; the female becomes much larger than the male. The 

 legs and antennae of both sexes disappear, so that the power of 

 movement is completely lost. The mouth-parts also atrophy. The 

 female after this undergoes no further change, except that of 

 growth in connection with ovarian development. The male, 



1 Arch. Naturgesch. li. i. 1885, p. 169. ~ Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xliii. 1886, p. 156. 



