86 RANGE OF EDENTATES CHAP. 



differences of any one of them to either of the two realms which 

 have just been defined. The two realms that have been discussed 

 retain their distinctness from each other and from Arctogaea for 

 a considerable way back into the Tertiary period. It is not until 

 we reach very early Tertiary times that Edentates are met with 

 in North America ; and then it cannot be regarded as absolutely 

 settled that the Ganodonta are really the forerunners of the 

 Armadillos, Sloths, etc. Nor do we find Marsupials in Europe 

 until far back in time, and at a corresponding period in North 

 America. Indeed the fauna of South America in late Tertiary 

 times was even more distinct than it is now ; for then we had 

 confined to that region the Toxodonts, Glyptodonts, Macvauchenica, 

 and other forms, while in Australia there were still Marsupials. 

 In late Tertiary times Europe and India were by no means 

 so distinct from Africa as they are to-day. North America does 

 not resemble the Old World quite so much as the subdivisions 

 of the Old World resemble each other ; but, as will be pointed 

 out later, there are and were very substantial agreements. The 

 Elephants, Ehinoceroses, Giraffe, Hippopotamus, Orycteropus, are 

 now distinctively African or Indian animals ; but all these 

 genera, or at least families (in the case of the Giraffe), have 

 occurred in Europe during quite recent times. Lycaon indeed, 

 now confined to Africa, is thought to have had a European 

 origin from its occurrence in caves there. The Hyaena and the 

 Lion, certain members of the Horse tribe, Apes, and other 

 animals, were also but are not now European. 



India again, and the Oriental region generally, once possessed 

 the Hippopotamus, the Chimpanzee, Giraffidae, the Antelopes, 

 Cobus, Hippotragus, Strepsiceros, and Orias, which are now purely 

 African animals. It shares at present with the Ethiopian region 

 the Catarhines, including the Anthropoid Apes, the Lemurs, Tra- 

 gulina (the genus Dorcatkerium is also known from fossils in 

 India), Manis, Hyaena, the Cheetah, Elephant, Ehinoceros, and the 

 Eatel. There is, in fact, no order of mammals which is now 

 absent from one of these three regions though present in the 

 others, save the Lemurs, and they occurred in past times in 

 Europe. The Tapir of India is known fossil in Europe, and the 

 latter continent had its Monkeys and even Anthropoids. On the 

 other hand, North America is more distinct. It has no Lemurs, 

 Apes, Elephants, Ehinoceroses, Tapirs, Old World Edentates (Effo- 



