CLASSIFICATION OF DEER 



291 



book, into which its lining membrane is raised. Finally there is 

 the abomasum, out of which proceeds the small intestine. 

 Garrod has observed that the chamber of the stomach which 

 varies most among the Pecora is the psalterium. This chamber 

 is specially large in Bos, and particularly small in the Antelopes 

 Nannotragus and Cephalophus. But its variation relates more 

 especially to the folds of its mucous membrane. These folds are 

 of varying lengths and have a definite, arrangement There may 

 be as many as five sets of laminae of regular depths. The most 

 simple psalterium is that of Cephalophus, where there are only 

 two sets of laminae of different sizes, a deeper set and a very much 

 shallower set ; this form is termed by Garrod " duplicate." Most 

 common is the " quadruplicate " arrangement, with four sets of 

 laminae of differing depths. In all Pecora the liver is but little 

 divided by fissures. 



Fam. 6. Cervidae. The Deer tribe is a very extensive one, 

 and, with the exception of Africa and Australia, world-wide in 

 distribution. 1 



The Deer are absolutely distinguished from all other Kuminant 

 animals by the existence of antlers, which are invariably present 

 in the male sex, save in the aberrant genera Moschus and Hydro- 

 potes ; in the Eeindeer alone are antlers present in both sexes. 

 The general characters of these appendages have been dealt with 

 on a former page (p. 200), where they are compared to, or rather 

 contrasted with, the horns of the Bovidae. These antlers, so 

 characteristic of the Cervidae, are very variously developed 

 among the members of the family. Thus in Elapkodus the 

 antlers are very small and entirely unbranched. In the Muiit- 

 jacs, Cervulus, the antlers are hardly larger, but they have a 

 small anterior branch arising from near the pedicel, the " brow 

 tine." In Cariacus antisiensis only one branch, the brow tine, 

 is present, but it is nearly as long as the main stem of the antler, 

 the " beam." In Capreolus capraea the beam bears two tines ; 

 in Cervus sika three ; in C. duvaitceli two of the three tines 

 present bear secondary branches. There are other complications 

 (some of which are illustrated in Figs. 152-157) of the. simple 

 antler which culminate in the complex antlers with their ex- 

 panded " palms " of the Elk and the Fallow Deer. 



1 Sir Victor Brooke, "On the Classification of the Cervidae," Proc. Zool. Soe. 

 1878, p. 883. 





