The Moths and Butterflies 



455 



and cardui occur also in Europe, and cardui is held to be the most nearly 

 cosmopolitan of all butterflies, ranging over nearly the whole earth outside 

 the arctic and antarctic regions. Its larvae feed on thistles by preference, 

 but on almost any composite if necessary: those of hunter a on everlasting 

 and other Gnaphalieae; those of atalanta on nettles; while those of carya 

 feed on Lavatera as surgenti flora. All these larvae are spiny. 



Two striking, widely distributed, and abundant butterflies are the mourn- 

 ing-cloak, Euvanessa antiopa (PI. X, Fig. 7), and the peacock-butterfly, 

 or buckeye, Junonia coenia (PL V, Fig. i). Both are found over nearly 

 all of our country, and the mourning-cloak is common in Europe. The 



FIG. 644. Chrysalid or pupa of the violet-tipped butterfly, Polygonia interrogationis. 

 (Photograph from life by author; slightly enlarged.) 



larva of the buckeye is black-gray marked with minute black-edged orange 

 dashes and dots transversely arranged, and has long spines all over its body; 

 it feeds on Scrophulariaceae, especially Gerardia. The larva of the mourning- 

 cloak is velvety black sprinkled with white papillae and with a row of large 

 medio-dorsal orange spots, and has spines much longer than the body seg- 

 ments. A curious butterfly of the Mississippi Valley and Great Plains 

 is Anaa andria, the goatweed-butterfly (PL XI, Fig. 5). The larva, 

 which is naked, gray-green, and studded with numerous paler points, feeds 

 on species of Croton, the goatweeds. The American tortoise-shell, Aglais 



