52 BOTANY 



II. INTERNAL MORPHOLOGY 



(Histology and Anatomy 



A. The Cell 

 1. STRUCTURE OF THK CKI.L 



All plants and animals are composed of elementary organs 

 called cells. In contrast to animal cells, typical vegetable cells are 

 surrounded by firm walls, and are thus sharply 

 marked off from one another. In fact, it was 

 due to the investigation of the cell walls that 

 the cell was first recognised in plants. An 

 English micrographer, ROBERT HOOKE, was thr 

 first to notice vegetable cells. He gave them 

 this name in his Micrographia in the year 1667, 

 because of their resemblance to the cells of a 

 honeycomb, and published an illustration of a 

 piece of bottle-cork having the appearance shown 



Km. 66. Copy of a part of . , , . . . /T ,. __ x -,-, 



HOOKES illustration of m the adjoining figure (Fig. 55). ROBERT 



bottle-cork, which he dp- HOOKE, however, Was Only desirOUS of exhibit- 

 scribed as "Schematism or b meang f c ]i fferent objects the capabilities 



texture of cork. o . L i i T 



of his microscope ; consequently, the Italian, 

 MARCELLO MALPIGHI, and the Englishman, NEHEMIAH GREW, whose 

 works appeared almost simultaneously a few years after HOOKE'S 

 Micrographia, have been regarded as the founders of vegetable 

 histology. The living contents of the 

 cell, the real body or substance, was not 

 recognised in its full significance until 

 the middle of last century. Only then 

 was attention turned more earnestly to 

 this study, which has since been so especi- 

 ally advanced by MEYEN, SCHLEIDEN, 

 HUGO v. MOHL, NAGELI, DE BARY, FER- 

 DINAND COHN, PRINGSHEIM, and MAX 



SCHULTZE. KK.. -,i;.-Knibryoiiir c.-ll from th.- 



If an examination be made of a thin vegetative <! of ; , 

 longitudinal section of the apex of a stem 



of a phanerogamic plant, with a higher cytoplasm-. -;,, t -hri)iuatoi>jior-s ; 



magnifying power than that used in the '"' cel1 wal1 - ( s< " l '' >w '' ! " -I'^rain- 



. J . & ,. ,. ,,-,. 1fr . , matic, X circa 1000.) 



previous investigation (rig. 17) of the 



vegetative cone, it will be seen that it consists of nearly rectangular 

 cells (Fig. 56), which are full of protoplasm and separated from one 

 another by delicate walls. In each of the cells there will be clearly 

 distinguishable a round body^&), which fills up the greater part of 



