BOTANY 





-Jc 



The stamens are generally filamentous in shape, and produce the 

 pollen in special receptacles. The carpels more closely resemble 



scale leaves, and in Angio- 

 sperms by closing together 

 form receptacles within which 

 the ovules are produced. 

 The stamens and carpels 

 of Phanerogams correspond 

 to the spore-bearing leaves 

 of the Vascular Cryptogams. 

 Such spore - bearing leaves 

 are termed SPOROPHYLLS, 

 and even in ,the Vascular 

 Cryptogams exhibit a greater 

 or less departure from the 

 form of other foliage le;i\c>. 



Kiu. :!'.i. Klower of Pneoniii />r/e/rtrta. /.', Sepals; c, 



petals ; stamens ; a, carpels. Some of the sepals, k {s cyi(lent fhafc ^ 1( . ^ 



petals, ami stamens have been removed to show the 



pistil, consisting of two serrate carpels. (Half nat. lacteal leaves are to be considered 



size.) as rudimentary foliage leaves, not 



only from the mode of their de- 

 velopment but also from the possibility of transforming them into foliage leaves. 

 GOEBKL, by removing the growing tip and foliage leaves of a shoot, succeeded in 

 forcing it to develop other foliage leaves from its scale leaves ( 20 ). Rhizomes, 

 grown in the light, develop foliage leaves in place of the usual scale leaves, and 

 even on a potato it is possible to induce the formation of small foliage leaves 

 instead of the customary scale leaves. 



Leaf -Sears. After a leaf has fallen, its previous point of 

 insertion on the stem is marked by the cicatrix or scar left by the 

 fallen leaf. In winter, accordingly, when the trees are denuded of their 

 leaves, the axillary buds are seen to be situated above the leaf-scars. 



Vernation and ^Estivation. * A section through a winter bud 

 shows a wonderful adaptation of the young leaves to the 

 narrow space in which they are confined. They may be so disposed 

 that the separate leaves are spread out flat, but more frequently 

 they are folded, rolled (Fig. 40 /), or crumpled. The manner in 

 which each separate leaf is disposed in the bud is termed VERNATION*. 

 On the other hand, the arrangement of the leaves in the bud with 

 respect to one another is designated .-ESTIVATION. In this respect 

 the leaves are distinguished as FREE when they do not touch, or 

 VALVATE when merely touching, or IMBRICATED, in which case some 

 of the leaves are overlapped by others (Fig. 40 /). If, as frequently 

 occurs in flower-buds, the margins of the floral leaves successively 



* [The use of these terms in the following paragraph differs from that customary in 

 England. By VERNATION is understood the arrangement of the leaves in a vegetal i\<- 

 hud as a whole. The folding of each individual leaf in the Imd is termed ITYXIS. The 

 term .ESTIVATION is applied to the arrangement of the parts in a Hower-lmd. TRANS.] 



