PHANEROGAMIA 563 



oval, margins sinuately lobed ; those of Q. scssiliftora with longer stalks. The 

 pendulous, male inflorescences spring at the time that the new foliage is expanding 

 from axillary buds of the shoot of the preceding year or from the lowest buds 

 of the shoot of the current year ; flowers solitary, consisting of a perianth of 

 5-7 segments and 6-12 short stamens. Female inflorescences erect, few-flowered, 

 in the axils of the upper leaves of the shoot of the current year. Flowers 

 solitary ; in Q. pedunculata with long stalks, in Q. sessiliftora sessile. Each 

 flower is invested by a cupule (Fig. 570 0), which is at first inconspicuous, but is 

 fully developed on the ripe fruit. 



The Beech yields firewood, tar, and pyroligneous acid ; the Oak provides a 

 valuable timber, a bark containing tannin used in tanning, and cork from the 

 Cork-oak. 



OFFICIAL. The GALLS produced on the young twigs of Quercus infectoria as 

 a result of puncture by the Gall-wasp Cynips tinctoria ; .Tannic Acid is obtained 

 from these. 



Order 5. Urtieinae 



Herbaceous or woody plants with small, inconspicuous flowers 

 closely aggregated in the inflorescence. Mainly anemophilous. 

 Perianth simple, sepaloid. Stamens equal in number to the leaves 

 of the perigone and superposed on .the latter. Ovary superior, 

 composed of one or two carpels, usually unilocular, and containing 

 a single ovule. Fruit, a nut or drupe. Seeds usually containing 

 endosperm. 



Family 1. Ulmaceae. Trees or shrubs witli simple, asymmetrical leaves 

 borne in two rows. The pinnate venation, the hairy surface, the serrate margin 

 of the leaf and the caducous stipules are characteristic. Flowers in clusters in the 

 axils of leaves of the previous year, hermaphrodite, or unisexual by suppression of 

 the male or female organs. Perigone of 4-6 leaves, with a corresponding number 

 of stamens situated opposite to them. Stamens straight in the bud. Unilocular 

 ovary composed of two carpels with one pendulous ovule. 



Ulmus campestris (Fig. 574), the Elm, is a common European tree. The 

 arrangement of the leaves on the sides of the twigs in two rows and the corre- 

 sponding branching leads to the leaf-surface exposed by each lateral branch 

 making a definite angle with the main branch and composing the regular convex 

 crown of foliage exhibited by older examples. The tree flowers in February and 

 the fruits ripen before the leaves expand. The fruits are broadly winged and 

 adapted to be carried by the wind. U. montana, U. effusa are closely related 

 forms. Several species of Oeltis, in which the fruit is a drupe, are in cultivation. 



Family 2. Moraeeae ( 10 ). The majority are trees or shrubs 

 with abundant latex. Leaves alternate, stipules caducous. Flowers 

 unisexual in globular or disc-shaped inflorescences ; usually P4, A4, 

 and P4, G(2). Stamens opposite the leaves of the perigone. Ovary 

 bicarpellary, unilocular, with one, pendulous, anatropous ovule. 



IMPORTANT REPRESENTATIVES. In addition to the Mulberry trees, of which 

 Morus alba is cultivated for the rearing of Silk- worms and J/. niyra as a fruit-tree, 



2 1 



