SECT. n PHANEROOAMIA 623 



opposite leaves with serrate margins. Flowers tetramerous throughout, diceciou.-, 

 by suppression of stamens or carpels ; female flower with four free styles and a 

 four-seeded drupe. Seeds with a dorsal furrow. Colletia spinosa and C. crueiata 

 are leafless South American shrubs : the thorns of the former are cylindrical, those 

 of the latter flattened laterally. 



OFFICIAL. Ithuimm.x fiin-fliiunus yields CASCARA .SAURADA or RHAMNI 



Ft'RSHIANl COKTEX. 



Family 2. Vitaeeae. Shrubby plants climbing by means of 

 tendrils ; leaves palmately lobed or divided. Flowers hypogynous. 

 Ovary composed of 2-4 carpels and with a corresponding number of 

 loculi. Two ovules in each loculus. Disc often consisting of 

 separate glands (Figs. 672, 673). 



IMPORTANT GENERA. J'itis, climbing shrubs of the northern hemisphere. 

 Vitis vinifera, the Grape Vine, is a cultivated plant with numerous races and 

 varieties. The tendrils correspond to shoots and stand opposite to the leaves ; 

 they are at first terminal, but become displaced to one side by the development of 

 the axillary shoot. The whole shoot is thus a sympodium. The original relation 

 between the tendrils and the axillary shoots, which are both recognisable at the 

 growing point, cannot be completely followed in the ontogeny. The inflorescence 

 is a panicle taking the place of a tendril ; intermediate forms between inflorescences 

 and tendrils are of frequent occurrence. Calyx only represented by a .--mall rim ; 

 Corolla thrown off when the flower opens. Currants art- the seedless fruits of Vitis 

 viniferu, var. apyrena. Species of Ampeloptit distributed in North America and 

 Asia go by the name of "Wild Vines ; some of them have tendrils with adhesive 

 disc (Fig. 29, p. 27). Cissits is a large, exclusively tropical genu.-. 



OFFICIAL. UVAE, Raisins from 1'itis rin(f>','n. 



Order 17. Columniferae 



The essential character of this order is afforded by the androeciuni 

 of the regularly pentamerous, actinomorphic, hermaphrodite flowers. 

 One of the two whorls of stamens, usually the outer one, is sup- 

 pressed or only represented by staminodes, while the other whorl 

 has undergone a greater or less increase in the number of its 

 members by chorisis. The branching is frequently accompanied by 

 cohesion of the filaments. The carpels also sometimes exhibit an 

 increase in number as a result of branching. The superior ovary is 

 then divided into a corresponding number of loculi. 



Family 1. Tiliaceae. For the most part trees or shrubs, less 

 commonly herbs, with simple, stalked leaves provided with deciduous 

 stipules. Calyx polysepalous. ^Estivation of calyx and corolla 

 valvate. Stamens completely free from one another with introrse 

 anthers. A 5 + 5, or only the inner whorl is present and has usually 

 undergone branching (Fig. 674). Ovary with two to many loculi, 

 and one to many ovules in each loculus. Style simple. 



Most of the genera are tropical. The herbaceous species of Cot-chorus yield 

 Jute. In Britain two species of Tilio, Lime, occur. These are stately trees with 



