688 BOTANY PART n 



(d) Anthemidcae. Receptacle with or without floral bracts or hairs ; involucnil 

 bracts with dry, membranous margins ; in other respects like tin- preceding. 

 Achillca, Milfoil ; Anthemis, Anacyclus, with floral bracts. Anthem-is imliilix. 

 capitula composed of disc-florets only, or with these more or less replaced by 

 irregular florets. Anacyclus qfficinarum. Afatricaria has no floral bracts. 

 M. Chauiomilla (Chamomile, Figs. 769 b, 776) is an annual, copiously branched 

 herb with a hollow, conical, common receptacle, yellow disc-florets arid white, 

 recurved, female ray-florets, iu the terminal capitula. Chrysanthemum, <'. */// VH.//I, 

 Tanacetum, flowers all tubular, marginal florets female. Artemisia has all the 

 florets tubular and usually the peripheral ones female (A. Abxiiitliitun. Worm- 

 wood) ; in the few-flowered capitula of A. Cina (Fig. 777) all the florets are 

 hermaphrodite. 



(e) Senecioneae. Receptacle naked, involucral bracts in one or two series. 

 Pappus hairy, delicate, white ; in other respects like the preceding. Tussilayu 

 Farfara, Coltsfoot, flowers appear before the leaves ; the flowering stem bears 

 scaly leaves and a single capitulum (Fig. 778). Female flowers at periphery in 

 several series. Leaves large, cordate, thick, covered beneath with white hairs. 

 Petasitcs offieinalis, Butter-Bur. Senecio, plants of diverse habit, including some 

 trees and succulent plants ; of world-wide distribution. >S'. vulgaris has no ray- 

 florets but only tubular, hermaphrodite florets. Doronicum, Cineraria are com- 

 monly cultivated. Arnica montana (Figs. 779, 768, 770) has a rosette of radical 

 leaves in two to four opposite pairs and a terminal inflorescence bearing a single 

 capitulum ; from the axillary buds of the two opposite bracts one (rarely more) 

 lateral inflorescence develops. 



(/) Calenduleae. Fruits of the capitulum of varied and irregular shapes. 

 Calendula. 



OFFICIAL. Anacyclus Pyrethrum yields PYHETHKI HADIX. SANTOXIXV.M is 

 prepared from Artemisia maritima, var. Stechmanniana. Anthemis nobilis yield> 

 AXTHEMEDIS FLOKES. Taraxacum qfficinale, TARAXACI KADIX. Arnica montana, 



AUXICAE RHIZOMA. 



Fossil Angiosperms ( 6 ") 



The first undoubted Angiosperms appear in the Upper Cretaceous. They are 

 represented by numerous species which, like the recent forms, can be divided into 

 Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons. The most ancient forms are known only as 

 leaves, so that their determination is a matter of difficulty. They agree essentially 

 with living Angiosperms, and since they show no similarities to Gymuosperms or 

 Pteridophytes, do not aid in bridging over the gap between the Augiosperms and 

 these groups. 



Of Monocotyledons examples of the Palmae are known from the Cretaceous 

 period onwards. The leaves of Dicotyledons from the Cretaceous are doubtfully 

 placed in various orders which contain the more lowly organised types (Querciflorae, 

 Platanaceae) ; some are ascribed to Eucalyptus. The Angiosperms of the Eocene 

 and the Oligocene can be determined with greater certainty ; even in Northern 

 Europe representatives of existing tropical and sub-tropical families occurred, 

 e.g. Palmae, Dracaena, Smilax among Monocotyledons, numerous Querciflorae 

 (esp. Quercus), Lauraceae (Cinnamonum, etc.), Leguminosae among Dicotyledons. 



As the present period ia approached the fossil Angiosperms throw even less 

 light on the systematic arrangement of the group. The few genera that have 



