XI 1 PHENOMENA OF ORGANIC NATURE 457 



related to the horse indeed. So we may say that 

 animals, in an anatomical sense nearly related to 

 the horse, have those parts which are rudimentary 

 in him fully developed. 



Again, the sheep and the cow have no cutting- 

 teeth, but only a hard pad in the upper jaw. That 

 is the common characteristic of ruminants in 

 general. But the calf has in its upper jaw some 

 rudiments of teeth which never are developed, and 

 never play the part of teeth at all. Well, if 

 you go back in time, you find some of the older, 

 now extinct, allies of the ruminants have well- 

 developed teeth in their upper jaws ; and at the 

 present day the pig (which is in structure closely 

 connected with ruminants) has well-developed 

 teeth in its upper jaw ; so that here is another 

 instance of organs well-developed and very useful, 

 in one animal, represented by rudimentary organs, 

 for which we can discover no purpose whatsoever 

 in another closely allied animal. The whalebone 

 whale, again, has horny " whalebone " plates in its 

 mouth, and no teeth ; but the young foetal whale 

 before it is born has teeth in its jaws; they, how- 

 ever, are never used, and they never come to any- 

 thing. But other members of the group to which 

 the whale belongs have well-developed teeth in 

 both jaws. 



Upon any hypothesis of special creation, facts of 

 this kind appear to me to be entirely unaccount- 

 able and inexplicable, but they cease to be so if 



