136 THE MALAYAN PAPJLIONJD^E AS 



among African Butterflies," in the Transactions of the 

 Linnsean Society, for 1868, lie has argued strongly 

 in favour of Mr. Bates' views as to the higher posi- 

 tion of the Danaidse and the lower grade of the 

 Papilionidse, and has adduced, among other facts, the 

 undoubted resemblance of the pupa of Parnassius, a 

 genus of Papilionidoa, to that of some HesperidsB and 

 moths. I admit, therefore, that he has proved the 

 Papilionidas to have retained several characters of 

 the nocturnal Lepidoptera which the Danaidse have 

 lost, but I deny that they are therefore to be con- 

 sidered lower in the scale of organization. Other 

 characters may be pointed out which indicate that 

 they are farther removed from the moths even than 

 the Danaidse. The club of the antennae is the most 

 prominent and most constant feature by which but- 

 terflies may be distinguished from moths, and of 

 all butterflies the Papilionidaa have the most beauti- 

 ful and most perfectly developed clubbed antennae. 

 Again, butterflies and moths are broadly character- 

 ised by their diurnal and nocturnal habits respectively, 

 and the Papilionidse, with their close allies the Pier- 

 idge, are the most pre-eminently diurnal of butterflies, 

 most of them lovers of sunshine, and not presenting 

 a single crepuscular species. The great group of the 

 Nymphalidse, on the other hand (in which Mr. Bates 

 includes the Danaidse and Heliconidae as sub-fami- 

 lies), contains an entire sub-family (Brassolidse) and 

 a number of genera, such as Thaumantis, Zeuxidia, 

 Pavonia, &c., of crepuscular habits, while a large 



