Morphology. 89 



ape, the outer margin of the other follows those of the 

 chimpanzee and orang. Of course it would be easy 

 to select individual human ears which present either 

 of these characters in a more pronounced degree ; 

 but these ears have been chosen as models because 

 they present both characters in conjunction. The 

 upper row of figures likewise shows the close similarity 

 of hair-tracts, and the direction of growth on the part 

 of the hair itself, in cases where the human ear happens 

 to be of an abnormally hirsute character. But this 

 particular instance (which I do not think has been 

 previously noticed) introduces us to the subject of hair, 

 and hair-growth, in general. 



(8) Hair. Adult man presents rudimentary hair 

 over most parts of the body. Wallace has sought to 

 draw a refined distinction between this vestigial coating 

 and the useful coating of quadrumanous animals, in 

 the absence of the former from the human back. But 

 even this refined distinction does not hold. On the 

 one hand, the comparatively hairless chimpanzee 

 which died last year in the Zoological Gardens (T. 

 calvus) was remarkably denuded over the back ; and, 

 on the other hand, men who present a considerable 

 development of hair over the rest of their bodies 

 present it also on their backs and shoulders. Again, 

 in all men the rudimentary hair on the upper and 

 lower arm is directed towards the elbow a peculiarity 

 which occurs nowhere else in the animal kingdom, 

 with the exception of the anthropoid apes and a few 

 American monkeys, where it presumably has to do 

 with arboreal habits. For, when sitting in trees, the 

 orang, as observed by Mr. Wallace, places its hands 

 above its head with its elbows pointing downwards : 



