otycp 



SP.ETH 



AST 



FIG. 231. Rana temporaria. A, the skeleton from the dorsal aspect ; the left half of the shoulder 

 girdle and the left fore and hind limbs are removed, as also are the membrane bones on the 

 left side of the skull. Cartilaginous parts dotted. Names of cartilage bones in thick, those 

 of membrane bones in italic capitals, a. c. hy. anterior cornu of hyoid ; actb. acetabulum ; 

 AST. astragalus ; b. hy. basi-hyal ; C. calcar ; GAL. calcaneum ; EX. OC. ex-occipital ; FE. 

 femur ; fon, fan. fontanelles ; FR.PA. fronto-parietal ; HU. humerus ; IL. ilium; MX. 

 maxilla ; o If. cp. olfactory capsule ; of. pr. otic process ; /. c . hy. posterior cornu of hyoid ; 

 PMX. premaxilla ; PR. OT. pro-otic ; RA. UL. radio-ulna ; SP. ETH. sphen-ethmoid ; SQ. 

 squamosal ; S. SCP. supra-scapula ; sus. suspensorium ; TI. FI. tibio-fibula ; tr. pr. transverse 



Process; UST. urostyle ; V.I, cervical vertebra; V.9, sacral vertebra; VO. vomer ; / V. 

 igits. B, the fourth vertebra, anterior face. a. zyg. anterior zrygapophysis ; en. centrum ; 

 /;//. lamina; n.sp. neural spine; pd. pedicle; tr.pr. transverse process. (After Howes, 

 slightly altered.) 



