472 MANUAL OF ZOOLOGY SECT, xn 



of teeth. The tongue (tng) is large and pointed at the tip. 

 The pharynx leads into a wide and distensible gullet (guf} 

 which soon dilates into an immense reservoir or crop (crp) 

 situated at the base of the neck, between the skin and the 

 muscles and immediately in front of the sternum. In this 

 cavity the food, consisting of grain, undergoes a process of 

 maceration before being passed into the stomach. From 

 the crop the gullet is continued backwards into the stomach, 

 which consists of two parts, the proventriculus (prvti) and 

 the gizzard (giz). The proventriculus appears externally 

 like a slight dilatation of the gullet, but its mucous 

 membrane is very thick and contains numerous gastric 

 glands so large as to be visible to the naked eye. The 

 gizzard has the shape of a biconvex lens : its walls are very 

 thick and its lumen small. The thickening is due mainly 

 to the immense development of the muscles which radiate 

 from two tendons one on each of the convex surfaces. The 

 epithelial lining of the gizzard is very thick and horny, and 

 of a yellow or green colour : its cavity always contains small 

 stones which are swallowed by the Bird to aid the gizzard 

 in grinding up the food. 



The duodenum (duo} leaves the gizzard quite close to the 

 entrance of the proventriculus and forms a distinct loop 

 enclosing the pancreas. The rest of the small intestine is 

 called the ileum (ilm) : it passes without change of diameter 

 into the rectum or large intestine (ret), the junction between 

 the two being marked only by a pair of small blind pouches 

 or cccca (c&). The cloaca is a large chamber divided into 

 three compartments (cpdm, prdni, urdni]. 



There are small buccal glands opening into the mouth, 

 but none that can be called salivary. The liver (/r) is 

 large and is divisible into right and left lobes, each opening 

 by its own duct (b. d. i, b. d. 2) into the duodenum ; there 



