65 



HEPATIC^]. 



Amphigastria, stipule-like bracts or scales. 



Elaters, elastic spiral threads formed in the capsules among the 



spores. 

 Perianth, a calyx-like involucrum surrounding the archegonium or 



fruit-producing organ or capsule. 



148. Capsules sessile, or clustered on a common pedicel. Frond 



without distinction of stem and leaves. 152 

 Capsules solitary, on pedicels, bursting lengthwise by four valves 

 which do not remain coherent at top. 



"Without distinction of stem and leaves, but consisting of a lobed or 



many-cleft frond. 151 

 With stem and leaves distinct. 



Leaves with their upper edges overlapping the lower edges of those 



next above. 150 

 Leaves with their lower edges overlapping the upper edges of those 



next below. 



Leaves more or less deeply lobed, often with deep incisions and 



narrow lobes. 149 

 Leaves not lobed, but entire or simply toothed. 



With no stipule-like bracts, or amphigastria, among the leaves, or 

 having them only on the branches. Perianth free, herbaceous. 



JUNGERMANNIACE.E. 



Amphigastria none, or triangular. Leaves rounded. Perianth 

 joined at base to the involucrum. GYMNOMITRIACEJE. 



Having amphigastria on both stem and branches. 



Perianth none. Fruit usually contained in sacs. JTJNGERMANNIACE.E. 

 Perianth free, herbaceous, or membranous. GEOCALYCACE.S. 



149. Perianth free, herbaceous. JUNGERMANNIACE.E. 

 Perianth none, or joined at base with the involucrum. 



GTYMNOMITRIACE.S. 



150. Leaves entire or slightly toothed. Amphigastria forked. 



CALYPOQEIACE^E. 



