ANALYSIS. 



1. Flowcrless plants, or those reproducing by mere cell division or by 



means of spores which usually consist of a single cell. 125 

 Flowering plants, or those reproducing by seeds which are made up 

 of numerous cells not all alike. 



Parts of the flower generally in fives or twos, rarely in thm>. 

 Leaves net^veined. Fibrovascular bundles of the stem system- 

 atically arranged around a central pith. Stem with a distinct 

 bark. Embryo or germ of the seed with a pair or whorl of coty- 

 ledons, or rarely with none. J&xogens. 2 



Parts of the flower generally in threes, but sometimes in twos or- 

 fours. Leaves mostly, but not in all cases, parallel- veined. Fil>- 

 rovascular bundles of the stem arranged around the outside, and 

 scattered among the cellular tissue. With no true bark. Em- 

 bryo with a single cotyledon. Endogmx. 



Perianth consisting of glumes, that is, of imbricated or overlapping 

 chaft-like bracts, which are usually in pairs. Leaves always par- 

 allel-veined, long and narrow, often sheathing at base. 122 



Perianth not glumaceous, or altogether lacking. 109 



2. Carpels entirely open, neither infolded nor mutually cohering by 

 their edges. Seeds not contained in a closed pericarp, but either 

 attached to the scales of a cone or partly surrounded by an <>|'ii 

 cup, or entirely exposed. Embryo, in most cases, having moiv 

 than two cotyledons. Gymnosperms. 108 

 Carpels closed, or mutually growing together by their edges. Seeds 

 contained in a closed pericarp. Angiosperms. 



