CONTENTS 

 VOL. II., PART III. ECOLOGY 



CHAPTER PAGE 



Introduction ............ 485 



I. Roots and rhizoids ........... 491 



1. Soil roots and root hairs . . . . . . . . . 491 



2. Water and air roots; rhizoids 509 



Water roots ........... 509 



Absorptive air roots . . . . . . . . 5 ' I 



Anchoring air roots . . . . . . . . .513 



Prop roots 514 



Rhizoids 516 



II. Leaves 521 



1. Chlorophyll and food manufacture ....... 521 



Chloroplasts and chlorophyll ....... 521 



Synthesis of carbohydrates ........ 525 



Starch formation 528 



Synthesis of proteins ......... 528 



Anthocyan . . . . . . . . . . .528 



2. Structure and arrangement of chlorenchyma ..... 530 



3. Relation of leaves to light ......... 539 



4. Air chambers and stomata . . . . . . . -55' 



5. Protection from excessive transpiration ...... 565 



Significance of transpiration ........ 565 



Protective relations of stomata 566 



Epidermis 567 



Reduction of surface ......... 577 



Leaf orientation 578 



Motile leaves .......... 579 



Epinasty and hyponasty ........ 582 



Leaf fall 582 



Cell sap and protoplasm 587 



Snow and dead leaves 588 



6. Variations in form .......... 589 



Thalloid plants 591 



Amphibious plants 593 



Land plants 598 



Asymmetry and anisophylly ........ 607 



7. Absorption 608 



Water plants 609 



Land plants ........... 610 



Epiphytes 614 



Carnivorous plants 616 



vii 



