ZOOLOGY, AND THE PHILOSOPHY OF EVOLUTION 139 



thinking depend thereupon, supposing that the principles of all 

 things are corporeal; that Body must really or principally exist, 

 and all other things in a secondary sense, and by virtue of that. 

 Others, making all corporeal things to be dependent upon Soul or 

 Mind, think this to exist in th,e first place and primary sense, and 

 the being of Bodies to be entirely derived from, and to presuppose 

 that of Mind." 1 



While the modern psychologist tells us that there is a third 

 point of view, and that, for all we know to the contrary, both 

 mind and matter may ultimately prove to be phenomenal ; that all 

 mind may be matter in motion, and all matter in motion mind, or 

 at least the raw material of mind, I cannot see why the admis- 

 sion of this possibility compels us to take a side and make a 

 choice; for may we not find a fourth alternative, in a humble 

 confession that, while we do not know what the relation between 

 mind and matter is, we wish to find out? "And, although it may, 

 perhaps, seem an uneasy reflection to some that, when they have 

 taken a circuit through so many refined and unvulgar notions, they 

 should at last come to think like other men; yet, methinks, this 

 return to the simple dictates of nature, after having wandered 

 through the wild mazes of philosophy, is not unpleasant. It is 

 like coming home from a long voyage : a man reflects with pleas- 

 ure on the many difficulties and perplexities he has passed 

 through, sets his heart at ease, and enjoys himself with more satis- 

 faction for the future." 2 



If the antecedents to consciousness are outside consciousness, 

 it seems no more than natural that we should be unconscious of 

 them ; and the zoologist who admits that he does not know whether 

 they are or are not all to be found in that part of the universe 

 which may be made manifest to sense, does not feel guilty of a 

 threat to the fixed order of nature, or to anything or anybody else. 



There are two reasons why biology and the " Philosophy of 

 Evolution " should be associated. 



In the first place, there is a wonderful analogy between the 

 problems of the sensible universe and the unfolding of the latency 

 of the germ into the potency of the fully developed living being. 



1 Berkeley, " Siris," p. 263. 



2 Berkeley, Preface to " The Three Dialogues." 



