METAZOA INSECTA. 433 



but in some of the families, the Chrysomelidae for 

 instance, the Thysanuriform, grub, and caterpillar-like 

 larvae can all be found. 



Many of the Carabidae or ground beetles have elon- 

 gated, chitinous, more or less flattened larvae. The body 

 is of nearly equal breadth throughout and the segments 

 are distinct. 



The Thysanuriform characters are plainly seen in Pat- 

 robus longicornis Say (PI. 1071), although the adult (No. 

 1072) has become specialized by the loss of its second 

 pair of wings. 



Calosoma is another Carabid whose larva is elongated 

 but more plump in aspect than that of Patrobus. The 

 pupa has its parts free, while the adult (No. 1073, C. scru- 

 tator} is a brilliant beetle with well developed wings. 



The Coccinellidae or lady-birds are similar to the Car- 

 abidae in many respects and they too have elongated 

 Thysanuriform larvae (PL 1074, fig. i, Coccinella novemno- 

 tata Herbs.). These larvae fasten themselves by the 

 posterior end of the body and develop into pupae (fig. 2, 

 with the larval skin attached at the anal end). The pupae 

 are often brightly colored as well as the adults (No. 1075, 

 dorsal side; No. 1076, ventral side; PI. 1074, fig. 3), which 

 in this species have nine spots. Sometimes the adult in 

 this family has a uniform color and a fine pubescence of 

 short hairs, as seen in Scymnus punctum LeC. (PI. 1077, 

 figs, i, 2, 3, larva, pupa, and adult), a shining black Coc- 

 cinellid with yellow antennae. These beetles are not only 

 extremely pretty insects but they are also extremely useful 

 in devouring pests such as Phylloxera and the like. 



The fast-running tiger beetles of the Cicindelidae have 

 Thysanuriform larvae which, however, are peculiarly mod- 

 ified by habit. These larvae live in holes and while there 

 catch their prey. For this purpose the head is large and 

 strong, the mandibles long and curved, while two tuber- 

 cles on the abdomen, each with a recurved hook, hold the 

 insect in any part of its burrow. The adults (No. 1078, 

 Cicindela sexguttatd] are often brilliant in coloring. 



