158 DIVISION II. COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT OF FUNGI. 



H. HOFFMANN, Icones analyt. Fungor. IV, 1865 (Mucor, Rhizopus). 



ZIMMERMANN, Das Genus Mucor, Chemnitz, 1871. 



J. KLEIN, Zur Kenntn. d. Pilobolus (Pringsheim, Jahrb. VIII, p. 305). 



A. GILKINET, Memoire sur le polymorphisme des Champignons (Mem. couronne" de 



1'Acad. roy. de Belg. XXVI, 1878). 

 O. BREFELD, Ueber Gahrung, III, in Landw. Jahrb. ed. Thiel. V, 1876 (Mucor 



racemosus). 

 D. D. CUNNINGHAM, On the occurrence of conidial fructification in the Mucorini, 



illustrated by Choanephora (Linn. Soc. Trans. London, ser. 2, I, 1878). 

 BAINIER, Observations sur les Mucorinees et sur les zygospores des Mucorinees (Ann. 



d. sc. nat. ser. 6, XV, 1883). First brought to my notice while this work was 



being printed. 



ENTOMOPHTHOREAE. 



SECTION XLV. We proceed to give a brief account of this small group to which 

 we may apply the terminology in use for the Mucorini ; the Fungi which supply the 

 material for our description penetrate into the cavities of the bodies of living insects 

 and there develope, forming their gonidiophores on hyphal branches, which make 

 their way through the body of the insect after its death and complete their 

 development on its outer surface. 



In a certain number of species, as Empusa Muscae and E. macrospora, Now., 

 numerous detached and at first spherical cells are formed by repeated sprouting from 

 the germ-lube which has penetrated through the skin into the interior cavities 

 of the insect, and each cell developes as the insect dies into a long tube containing 

 much protoplasm. In other species, as Entomophthora jadicans, E. ovispora 

 and E. curvispora, the germ-tube in the insect's body produces a mycelium composed 

 of copiously branched hyphae, divided by transverse walls and often connected 

 together by anastomosing branches. In most instances the Fungus forms its gonidia 

 on the surface and after the death of the insect. In the Empusae one extremity 

 of each separate tube pierces the insect's skin, grows outside it into a short cylindrico- 

 club-shaped body, and then forms acrogenously a single spore, which is abjected by 

 the mechanism described on page 72. The protoplasm and other contents of the tube 

 are expended for these purposes, and the tube itself then perishes. In the Ento- 

 mophthoreae numerous branches of the entozoic mycelium appear on the surface of 

 the body of the dead insect and there ramify in so copious a manner that they soon 

 wrap it in a close felt. Much the largest part of this felt consists of branches 

 set very nearly at a right angle to the surface of the body, and their last ramifications, 

 which end at about the same level and form a compact hymenium, are cylindrical in 

 shape and unicellular, and ultimately one spore is abjointed and flung off in the 

 manner just described. Hyphae and tufts of hyphae also appear before the sporo- 

 genous hymenium at certain spots on the ventral side of the dead insect, especially 

 on caterpillars attacked by Entomophthora radicans, and develope into rhizoids 

 which secure the body to the substance on which it lies. In both cases the whole 

 of the protoplasm of the Fungus is expended in forming the spores; as they are 

 produced one after another on the extremities of the tube or its branches, these 

 shrink in size and with them the body which they occupy ; at last there remains only 



