192 DIVISION II. COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT OF FUNGI. 



in Diatrype, Verrucaria, Endocarpon, Pyrenula, and in a very striking manner 

 in Massaria and its nearest allies. In the latter the perithecia are formed inside 

 a flat stroma which lives in the rind of trees, and the orifice is due to the disorgan- 

 isation and ultimate disappearance of a comparatively thick strip of tissue outside 

 and over the apex of the perithecium, together with the tissue of the rind enclosed 

 by it. 



The neck is of course a prolongation of the wall, chiefly of its outer layers ; this 

 appears very distinctly in some perithecia developed in the interior of the thallus, as 

 in Xylaria, the Valseae, Verrucaria, Endocarpon, and species of Pyrenula 1 , where 

 it pierces through the surface of the thallus and comes out to the air. Its de- 

 velopment is either rapidly completed at an early period, or it is capable under 

 certain conditions of a long-continued apically progressive or intercalary growth 

 in length, and while this is proceeding it is, especially in Sordaria 2 , in a high 

 degree heliotropic ; this variety in the mode of development depends on the species 

 and genus. 



The asci are inserted in the places in the delicate tissue of the inner wall 

 which have been already indicated, and the ascogenous hyphae or cells are thrust 

 in between the elements of the wall or lie immediately upon them. The asci 

 fill the inner space of the perithecium, or at least the largest part of it, excepting the 

 neck. All the space not occupied by them is filled with branches of the hyphae, 

 which grow out from the inner layer of the wall toward the median line of the 

 perithecium. Some of these branches lie between the asci, and are then termed 

 paraphyses, as in the Discomycetes, and stand in the same relation as regards their 

 development to the asci as in the Discomycetes, since as parts of the envelope 

 they are formed before the asci which are afterwards introduced between them. 

 Others may cover the portion of the perithecium which is without asci, and 

 even the canal, and then they are called by Fuisting periphyses. In the canal they 

 are like small closely set hairs of uniform height, which converge from all sides and 

 are directed obliquely upwards towards the median line of the canal where their 

 extremities almost touch. Below the inner (lower) entrance of the canal, in the 

 part of the peritheciai cavity where there is no hymenium, their direction and arrange- 

 ment either remain the same as in the canal, as in Chaetomium and Sordaria 

 fimiseda, or they point downwards towards the median line and the hymenium 

 (Fig. 90). Periphyses would appear to be seldom entirely wanting, though this is 

 sometimes the case, according to Fuisting, as in some species of Massaria. 



It more frequently happens that there are no paraphyses between the asci, 

 and then the asci alone constitute the hymenium; this is the case in Sordaria, 

 Melanospora, Claviceps, Epichloe, Chaetomium (Zopf), Sphaeromphale, and species of 

 Dermatocarpon, Endocarpon, and Verrucariae (Winter, Fuisting). Further details 

 will be found in special treatises, though the accounts there given must often be 

 received with caution, for the paraphyses and periphyses and other organs are often 

 delicate and perishable, or easily overlooked or confounded if the observations are 

 not conducted with sufficient care, and thus mistakes may often be made, especially 

 if the material is not in a favourable state and the observer is wanting in experience. 



J Bot. Ztg. 1868, p. 641. J Woronin, Beitr. II. 



