CHAPTER V. COMPARATIVE REVIEW. ASCOMYCETES. PENICILL1UM. 205 



in every direction, and at the same time numerous branches begin to be formed on 

 the neighbouring mycelial hyphae which grow rapidly round the others, and inclose 

 them in a compact envelope composed of from 8-16 layers of cells which leave no 

 interstices. The elements of this enveloping weft thrust themselves everywhere in 

 between the ascogenous hyphal branches; in their early states they are much 

 narrower than these and therefore easily distinguished from them in section. The 

 spherical sporocarp which in this state is about 0.05-0.09 mm. in size now 

 increases to an average size of 0.5 mm. and more, and this increase is chiefly due to 

 the enlargement of the cells of the envelope. The great mass of the inner substance 

 is the part most strongly affected, and its cells become irregularly polyhedral and 

 colourless, and are provided with much thickened pitted cellulose-membrane and 

 hyaline cell-contents which turn dark yellow with iodine. The membranes of the cells 

 of two or three peripheral layers become yellowish brown in colour and form a thick 

 persistent outer wall, while a few layers on the outside do not share in the thickening 

 and are cast off when the sporocarp is ripe. With the commencement of these 

 changes the ascogenous hyphae elongate and force themselves in between the growing 

 tissue of the envelope in irregular courses in every direction. In doing this they do 

 not appear to form many new branches or to increase much in breadth, and the latter 

 is the case also with the cell-layers of the envelope which are in contact with them. 

 In sections through an older sporocarp we therefore find in the interior in the large- 

 celled tissue of the envelope ascogenous hyphae cut through in various directions*, 

 transverse, oblique or longitudinal, accompanied by small-celled tissue. The cell-walls 

 of these ascogenous hyphae also become thickened, and when this thickening has 

 reached a certain point in them and in the envelope, there is a pause in the develop- 

 ment, a resting condition. This lasts 7-8 weeks, if the sporocarp is placed as 

 soon as it is ripe in moist surroundings which are favourable to further development ; 

 but the resting state cannot last much longer, according to Brefeld's observations, 

 if the surroundings are dry, for dry sporocarps 3-4 months old proved incapable 

 of further development. If the sporocarps are placed within the time stated on 

 a moist substratum in a suitable temperature, they recommence their development ; 

 the ascogenous hyphae begin to branch copiously, the branches grow at the expense 

 of the colourless tissue of the envelope which is by degrees entirely dissolved, and 

 again branch, and at length a large number of small eight-spored asci connected 

 together in rows and resembling those of Eurotium are formed on branches of 

 the last order. There only remains at last of the whole sporocarp the pores and 

 the brownish yellow outer wall, which forms a loose envelope round them. Of 

 the details of these changes which may be obtained from Brefeld, it will be sufficient 

 to mention here, that the branches formed on the ascogenous hyphae are of two kinds; 

 comparatively slender ones which penetrate between the cells of the tissue of the 

 envelope, ramify copiously in it and are evidently used to effect the dissolution of that 

 tissue and to take up the products of the dissolution, but do not form asci; and 

 secondly, thicker much curved forms with short branches of their own, from the 

 ramifications of which the asci are ultimately produced. These facts recall the 

 two forms of hyphae in the ripening sporocarp of Elaphomyces (see page 193). 

 The entering of the sporocarp on a resting period and the change from this to the 

 formation of asci at the expense of the tissue of the envelope has its analogue in the 



