CHAPTER III. SPORES OF FUNGI.-- GERMINATION. 1 17 



SCHACHT, Pflanzenzelle, p. 50; Id. Anat. u. Phys. d. Gew. I. pp. 71, 73, 170. 



KUTZING, Philosoph. Botanik, p. 236. 



TULASNE, Fungi hypogaei ; Id. Selecta fungor. Carpol I. 



HOFMEISTER, in Pringsheim's Jahrb. Bd. II, p. 378 (Tuber aestivum). 



SOLLMAN'S Beitr. z. Kenntniss d. Sphaeriaceen (Bot. Ztg. 1862 and 1863) made no im- 

 portant additions to our knowledge for reasons which have been already given. 



More recent works on the Ascomycetes have* confirmed in all important points 

 the views published by me in 1863, while those of Strasburger and Schmitz quoted 

 in section XIX have supplied the corrections that were rendered necessary by the 

 modern doctrine of the cell. Boudier's account of Ascobolus has been confirmed 

 by Janczewski (Bot. Ztg. 1871) in those points in which it differs from that given by 

 myself. 



The formation of the spores of the Mucorini has been described by 

 CORDA, Icon. fung. II, p. 19. 

 FRESENIUS, Beitr. p. 6. 



SCHACHT, Pflanzenzelle ; Id. Anat. u. Phys. d. Gew. I. 

 HOFFMANN in Bot. Ztg. 1856; Id. in Pringsh. Jahr. II. 

 COHN, Entw. des Pilobolus, N. Act. XIII. 



COEMANS, Monogr. du genre Pilobolus, in Me"m. pres. de 1'acad. Brux. XXX. 

 DE BARY, Beitr. z. Morph. u. Phys. d. Pilze, p. 83, and in the literature cited in section 

 XVIII. 



Corda, Fresenius, Schacht, and Hoffmann consider the formation of the spores in 

 the Mucorini as more or less closely allied to that which takes place in the asci, 

 as a process therefore of free cell-formation within the protoplasm of the mother-cell 

 and at the cost of a portion of it, and this view has been quite recently maintained 

 by Brefeld (Schimmelpilze). In the same way the acrogenous abjunction of spores has 

 also been regarded by later writers as a process of free cell-formation, which differs from 

 that in the typical asci only in the circumstance that the daughter-cells arise in special 

 protuberances of the ascus. Vittadini (Monogr. Tuberac.) goes so far as to make the spore 

 of the Hymenomycetes and Gastromycetes arise inside the basidium and afterwards 

 emerge from it enclosed in a protuberance of the inner layer of the membrane, the 

 sterigma. Montagne takes a similar view in the Esquisse organographique. Schleiden 

 also, in his Grundziige, Aufl. 3, II, p. 38, and Schacht (Pflazenzelle, p. 54, and 

 Anat. u. Phys. d. Gew. I, p. 74) are of the same opinion, and H. Hoffmann in the Bot. 

 Ztg. 1856, p. 153 and in Pringsheim's Jahrb. II, p. 303 adopts it in the most decided 

 manner ; he says, ' One fundamental type with many variations occurs again and again ; 

 the spores are formed by free cell-formation inside mother-cells (tubes), which some- 

 times becomes cemented with them, as in Phragmidium, Agaricus, and Phallus, 

 sometimes only loosely envelope the spore or spores, as in Mucor, Peziza, and Tuber.' 

 Van Tieghem and Le Monnier in the Ann. d. sc. nat. sdr. 5, XVII, pp. 332 and 370, and 

 se'r. 6, I, p. 37 have recently re-introduced this way of explaining the acrogenously 

 formed spores of Chaetocladium, Piptodephalis, and Syncephalis ; they represent them 

 as produced endogenously and singly or in a simple row in sporangia placed close to 

 one another, like the spores of Mucor or Mortierella, but they do not rest their view on 

 distinct facts in the history of development. These notions are not in harmony with 

 clearly ascertained facts, as Berkeley (Ann. and Magaz. of Nat. History, Vol. IX (1842), 

 pp. 9, 283 note) and Tulasne (11. cc.) have always contended ; they arose in the case of 

 Schleiden from his erroneous views on the first principles of cell-formation, views 

 which have long been abandoned ; in the other writers above mentioned evidently 

 from a striving after the establishment of homologies, for which purpose, however, 

 they would be superfluous if they were correct. The present state of our knowledge 

 of cell-formation and cell-division, as it is briefly stated on page 61 and fully explained 



