222 DIVISION II. COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT OF FUNGI. 



paraphyses. The sporocarps of Baeomyces roseus, which are very like those 

 of Sphyridium in shape, first appear as coils of hyphae in the interior and deep 

 beneath the surface of the thallus, and are there differentiated into layers of 

 paraphyses and ascogenous hyphae. Subsequently they emerge from the thallus as 

 long-stalked bodies in consequence of the elongation of their basal portions. But 

 Krabbe was unable to arrive at any more positive conclusion with respect to the origin 

 of the ascogenous hyphae than in the case of Sphyridium. According to the same 

 observer Sphyridium carneum exhibits a curious variation from the genera with 

 which it has hitherto been associated. Its sporocarps would appear to be only pseudo- 

 sporocarps, sporocarp-like shoots from the thallus, which form neither paraphyses, 

 nor asci, nor even spores, only coils of hyphae beneath the surface, in appearance like 

 the ascogenous hyphae of allied species, but never forming asci. 



We learn from Krabbe 's latest ' preliminary ' communication that in the Clado- 

 nieae, except Cladonia Papillaria, the whole of the large body known in descriptions 

 as podetium, for instance the well-known cup in C. pyxidata and the branching 

 shrubby form in C. rangiferina, is by its mode of origination an apothecium. It is 

 formed as a primordial hyphal coil in the interior of a crustaceous or foliaceous thallus 

 and forces its way through the rind outwards and then arrives by progressive or inter- 

 calary growth at its final form. The differentiations into ascogenous hyphae, dis- 

 tinguishable from the rest by turning blue with iodine, and the paraphyses is effected 

 without a distinct archicarp and virtually in the same way as in the species of 

 Sphyridium and Cladonia already mentioned; taking place either when the body 

 is just emerging from the thallus, as in C. decorticata, or not till it has acquired 

 in separate parts the final cup-like or shrubby form. Ascogenous hyphae and even 

 asci may in some species revert to the vegetative form, and certain kinds which 

 have paraphyses in the normal manner either do not produce perfect asci, or only do 

 so exceptionally. We must wait for the author's more detailed accounts, and we 

 shall return to the anatomical character of the podetium in section CXVI. 



From the agreement found among the sporocarps of the Ascomycetes in the 

 mature state, it may be considered to be certain that they may all be included as 

 respects their origin in one or other of the types above described or come very near 

 them ; which type it should be must be inquired into in each particular case, and 

 cannot be decided with certainty from the mature condition. The many careful 

 researches of Schwendener and Fiiisting into the formation of sporocarps in Lichens 

 may still be adduced in support of this view; these observers failed to account for 

 the first beginnings only of the ascogenous hyphae which are differentiated at a very 

 early period. Fiiisting reports the presence of Woronin's hypha in the young sporo- 

 carp of Lecidea formosa, and Stahl ' says of Parmelia stellaris and P. pulverulenta 

 and Endocarpon miniatum : ' It is not difficult, especially in layers of Parmelia stellaris 

 with many sporocarps, to find the extremely delicate apex of the trichogyne in 

 young sporocarps ; I succeeded in some successful preparations in showing the 

 cdnnection between these processes and the ascogonia which were distinguished by 

 the abundance of their protoplasm.' Since spermogonia and spermatia are present 

 in all these forms, as they are in the Collemeae, it is natural to suppose that there is 

 a near agreement between them and the Collemeae ; but this is not yet demonstrated. 

 Fiiisting says that he has not found his Woronin's hypha in species of Verrucaria, 



1 Beitr. z. Entw. d. Flechten, p. 41. 



