180 VERTEBRATA. 



in this order; among them are the eel (Avguilla acutirostris), 

 conger eel (Conger vulgaris), sprat (Clupea sprattus), sardine 

 (Clupea sarda), pilchard (Cliipea pilchardus), herring (Clupea 

 karengus) [the young is the whitebait], shad (Alausa communis), 

 anchovy, (Engraulis encrasicholus), loche (Cobitis iarforzWa), barbel 

 (Barbus vulgaris), bream (Abramis brama), roach (Leuciscus ru- 

 tilus\ dace (Leuciscus vttlffons), chub (Leuciscus cephalus), bleak 

 (Alburnus lucidus), minnow (Phoxinus minimus), gudgeon (Gobio 

 fluviatilis), tench (Tinea wlgaris), carp (Cyprinus carpio), gold- 

 fish ( Cyprinus auratus), pike (Esox lucius), smelt ( Osmerus eper- 

 lanus), salmon (Salmo salar) [parr, smolt, salmon-peal, or 

 grilse &c. the earlier stages, kelt is the female after spawning], 

 trout (Salmo fario), sea-trout (Salmo trutta), charr (Salmo 

 salvelinus\ gwyniad (Coregonus lavaretus), holibut (Hippo- 

 glossus vulgaris\ turbot (Rhombus maximus), brill (Rhombus 

 vulgaris), sole (Solea vulgaris), plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), 

 flounder (Pleuronectes flesus), ling (Molva vulgaris), hake (Mcr- 

 luccius vulgaris\ cod (Gadus morrhua), whiting (Gadus mer- 

 langus), pollack (Gadus pollachius), haddock (Gadus ceglefinus}, 

 bib or whiting-pout (Gadus lusctis], mullet (Mugil cephalus), 

 atherine or sand-smelt (Atherina presbyfer), sword-fish (Xiphias 

 gladius), scad (Caranx trachurus), dory (Zeus faber\ pilot-fish 

 ( Centronotus ductor), tunny ( Thynnus vulgaris), bouito ( Thynnus 

 pelamys), mackerel (Scomber scombrus), barracouta (Fphyrcena 

 baracuda), bream [sea] (Pagellus erythrinus), red mullet or striped 

 surmullet (Mullus surmuletus), basse (Labrax lupus), and' perch 

 (Perca fluviatilis). 



The Teleostei are sometimes ranked as a subclass, and four of 

 the five divisions below as orders, the Apoda and the Abdominalia 

 forming the Physostomi ; and to these are sometimes added the 

 Plectognathi and the Lophobranchii, which are here treated as 

 separate orders. The Siluridffi, as supposed descendants of the 

 sturgeons, are placed by Cope after Amiidje. Pegasus is an ano- 

 malous form, generally placed with the pipe-fishes. 



Fin -rays soft, articulate. 



Ventral fins none APODA. 



Ventral fins abdominal ABDOMINALIA. 



Ventral fins pectoral or jugular ANACANTHINI. 



Bays of the dorsal, ventral, and anal fins 



SpinOUS ACANTHOPTERYGII. 



APODA. Fin-rays soft; no ventral fins. Swim-bladder fur- 

 nished with an air-tube. 



Voracious fresh- and salt-water fish. Body long, slender; the 



