VERTEBRATA. 213 



acetabulum, and joining the tendon of the flexor perforatus digi- 

 toruin) is present (Hornalogonati) or absent (Anomalogonati). 

 The former has four orders : (1 ) Galliformes : including ostriches, 

 Gallinae. rails, cuckoos, parrots. (2) Anseriforrnes : Anatidae, 

 penguins, petrels, &c. (3) Ciconiiformes : storks, " Catharteae," 

 herons, Steganopoda, falcons, and owls. (4) Charadriiformes : 

 pigeons, plovers, cranes, gulls, &c. The second subclass has three 

 orders: (1) Piciformes : woodpeckers, toucans, kingfishers, &c. 

 (2) Passeriformes : Passeres, goatsuckers, rollers, &c. (3) Cypse- 

 liformes : swifts and humming-birds. 



With regard to the palatal system a fifth suborder for the 

 woodpeckers has been proposed by Parker [Saurognathae]. He 

 holds that " the lineaments of the old feathered fathers of the 

 existent types " must be sought for in the embryo ; and he finds 

 that the parts of the ^Egithognathous face, of which those of the 

 Saurognathas are but a " degradation and simplification," " were 

 really built up of elements which had their true counterparts or 

 ' symrnorphs ' in the snake." 



Another system, in which external are preferred to internal or 

 anatomical characters, was proposed by Sundevall in 1872. The 

 Passeres and Picas of Linnaeus form the "agrnen" Psilopaades 

 or Gymnopaedes (young at first naked), comprising two orders, 

 19 cohorts, and 157 families. The second " agmen," Ptilopaedes or 

 Dasypaedes (young covered with down from the first), comprises 

 the orders Accipitres, Gallinae, Grallatores, Natatores, Proceres, 

 and Saururaa ; excluding the last, these orders include 22 cohorts 

 and 60 families. In the Psilopaades each order is divided into 

 two series, and in the cohorts of the first we have also 14 " Pha- 

 langes," each phalanx, like the cohorts, mostly bearing a charac- 

 ter-name, such as Brevipennes, Latirostres, Novempennatas, &c. 

 The definitions are very clear, and all barbarous names of genera 

 are rejected. As this classification has been favourably received 

 in some quarters, the following tabular view may be useful, and 

 will enable it to be better understood. Many of Sundevall's 

 families are generally regarded as subfamilies. 



Agmen primum, PSILOP^DES. 



Order 1. OSCINES. 

 Series prior, Lamelliplantares. 



Cohorts. Phalanges. Principal families. 



1. Cichlomorphae. 1. Ocreata. Lusciniinag, Saxico- 



linae, TurdinaB. 



