216 VEBTEBEATA. 



Order 5. GRALLATORES. 

 Series prior, Grallatores altinares. 

 Cohorts. Principal families. 



1. Herodii. Ardeinse. 



2. Pelargi. Plataleinas, Ciconiinse, Ibidinae, Scopinaa. 



Series posterior, Grallatores humilinares, 



3. Limicolse. Totaninaa. 



4. Charadriinas. Charadriinae, Otidinae, Gruinse, E/allinse. 



Order 6. NATATORES. 



1. Longipennes. Sterninse, Larinae. 



2. Pygopodes. Alcarias, Colymbinae. 



3. Totipalmatae. Pelecaninse. 



4. Tubinares. Procellariinaa, Diomedeinaa. 



5. Impennes. Spheniscinas. 



6. Lamellirostres. Phenicopterinse, Anatina3. 



Order 7. PROCERES. 



1. Proceres veri. Struthioninse, Dromasinag. 



2. Subnobiles. Apteryginae. 



Order 8. SAURUIM:. 

 (Archasopteryx.) 



In the more simple arrangement of Schmarda (1878) there are 

 ten orders : 1. Archasopterygida ; 2. Natatores ; 3. Grallatores ; 

 4. Cursores ; 5. Gallinacea ; 6. Columbae ; 7. Passeres ; 8. Syn- 

 dactyli ; 9. Scansores ; and 10. Eaptatores. This arrangement 

 differs from that of Glaus (1876) in that Syndactyli are com- 

 bined with Passeres, and the Cursores are placed last after 

 Raptatores. 



In the absence of an absolute agreement among ornithologists, 

 the classification here adopted so far differs from the ordinary 

 modifications of the " mercurial taxonomist " as to include the 

 " Volitores" of Owen as an order, and in beginning with the 

 Pici as the lowest type of living birds and ending with Psittaci 

 as the highest. The " Eeptilian birds " are aberrant, and, not 

 forming a direct passage from the preceding class, are placed 

 last. 



