202 ALDER. ELMS 



for a long time, coming off at wide 

 angles, but not extending far. Bark 

 fissured, with wide and more or less 

 scaly ridges, slate-broivn to nearly 

 black. Stem continuing through to 

 the top. 



Alnus glutinosa, Gaertn. Alder (Figs. 69, 70). The 

 twigs are purplish with angular edges, and the leaves more 

 or less obovate. (For full description see p. 156.) 



Jf$ Trees with bright green or pale 

 foliage, and grey -brown or reddish- 

 brown branches and stem, whose bark 

 shows no definite scaling of the ridges. 

 Branches coming off at acute angles. 

 Twigs, buds, and leaves, distichous. 



-T- Bark on old trunks very deeply 

 and coarsely fissured, with no 

 decided tendency to scale; blackish- 

 brown. Buds hairy, pointed and 

 with several 



Ulmus campestris, L. Common Elm (Fig. 97). The 

 bark has analogies with that of Oak but is dark grey or 

 slaty, tinged with red. At first smooth, then deeply and 

 closely fissured, with broad furrows and narrower rather 

 flat ridges. Corky ridges often appear very early on the 

 branches, and in one variety they are almost winged (see 

 also Acer campestre and compare Sambucus). Older trees 

 have a much elongated crown. (See also p. 160.) 



Ulmus montana has an ample crown with few main 

 branches and more or less drooping spray ; all the parts 

 are more coarsely hairy, and the relative positions of seed 

 and fruit differ. (See also p. 216.) 



H- -f- Fissures of the bark very shallow 

 and fine, with broad, flat inter- 

 vening ridges and no tendency 



