240 HORNBEAM: ELM 



Venation strict-pinnate, midrib strong to the middle 

 giving off on each side 10 15 sharp secondaries, straight 

 or the lowermost somewhat divergent to the bi-serrate 

 margin, each ending in a tooth, and alternate or the lowest 

 opposite. Tertiaries not looped, very fine and much ana- 

 stomosed: the outer at acute, the inner at 90 or more 

 obtuse angles: those from the midrib at about 90 or more. 

 Each pair of secondaries distant about ^ of the length of 

 the midrib, the lowest much shorter than those in the 

 middle of the leaf, and almost devoid of conspicuous outer 

 nerves, but with a few weak ones. Leaf-base equal and 

 not cordate. Angle between secondaries to primaries 

 35 45. Secondary segments narrow, the middle nearly 

 linear. Tertiaries connecting. Network well developed, 

 meshes rather loose and rounded. 



OO Young leaves conduplicate. 



Leaves more or less ovate, not more 

 than 6 10 cm. long, at most pubescent 

 beneath, apex acute or slightly acumi- 

 nate', petiole relatively long. 



Ulmus campestris, Sm. Elm. Tall tree, twigs often 

 with corky ridges. Leaves about 6 10 cm. long (2 10 

 x 2 5), lanceolate to broad cordate, ovate, or elliptic, 

 acute or acuminate, usually very oblique at the base. 

 Obtusely bi-serrate, the main teeth curved forwards ; 

 coarse, nearly smooth above, firm, with tufts of hairs in 

 the angles of the veins below, not glandular. Petiole 

 short, 4 10 mm. and smooth or nearly so. Stipules 

 caducous. The leaves are very firm, almost coriaceous. 

 Autumn leaves golden yellow. 



Venation pinnate, the secondaries straight to the bi- 

 serrate margin and ending in the teeth. Tertiaries not 

 looped beneath the margin. Secondaries about 10 12 



