CH. X] LONG AND DWARF-SHOOTS 77 



shoots and long shoots are afforded by many of our native 

 and cultivated trees and shrubs, e.g. the Larch, Cedar, 

 and Barberry, where the crowded tassels or rosettes of 

 leaves forming the dwarf-shoots are in the strongest 

 contrast to the thin long shoots of the same plant, which 

 have their leaves separated by considerable stretches of 

 internodes. 



In the Pines, again, the numerous dwarf-shoots or 

 "spurs" stand in sharp contrast to the far fewer long 

 shoots on which they are borne ; each bears two, three 

 or five thin green leaves (needles) with a few scale-leaves 

 at its base, all devoid of perceptible internodes, and open- 

 ing from the axil of a scale-leaf on the parent axis on 

 which the extension of the internodes is evident, as 

 already described on p. 18. 



But our ordinary trees show the same state of affairs, 

 with very few exceptions. If we examine one of the 

 stronger sprays of foliage of a Beech in autumn, just 

 after the leaves have fallen, and at the end of the seasonal 

 growth, it will be seen that the development of the shoots 

 from the buds which opened last spring varies consider- 

 ably in the different regions of the twig bearing them. 

 In a case selected (Fig. 50), a bud had grown out to a 

 long shoot measuring several centimetres, on which other 

 axillary buds developed as usual (A B), and two of the 

 uppermost buds on this shoot (C and D) developed further 

 into long shoots, bearing buds even during the then 

 current season ; but buds lower down, though they did 

 begin to develop shoots, produced nothing further than 

 the beginnings of short outgrowths (dwarf-shoots), on 

 which a few leaves, without axillary buds or elongated 

 internodes, were formed (Fig. 50, E\ while the two lower- 

 most buds were merely formed and did not commence 

 any further growth that season. 



